Power and authority in the modern world Flashcards
1
Q
What did the Treaty of St Germain-en-laye entail?
A
- Affected Austria
- Splits Austria - Hungary
- Reparations, limits army, gave land from Austria to Italy
- Austria now LANDLOCKED
2
Q
Reparations
A
Payment is instalments + war reparations compensate for damages inflicted in the war
3
Q
What did the Treaty of Nueilly-sur-seine entail?
A
- Affected Bulgaria
3 main things:
1. Reparations
2. Army limited in number
3. Give up territory
4
Q
4 major outcomes of the Paris Peace conference? (FLEM)
A
F - Five peace treaties
L - League of Nations
E - Europe divided/carved up
M - Made in Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and laid the foundations for creation of modern state of Israel
5
Q
Who did the Treaty of Trianon affect and how?
A
- Hungary affected
- Limit on Army
- Gave away land
6
Q
Who did the Treaty of Sevres (Lausanne) affect and how?
A
- Turkey affected
- Reparations
- Loss of territory
- Army limited
7
Q
What are the long term consequences of these treaties?
A
Self determination - trial and error, both good and bad
New ethnic minorities - prejudice and racism
8
Q
Self determination
A
A country governing themselves
9
Q
Who were the big 4?
A
- Lloyd George of Britain
- Woodrow Wilson of USA
- Georges Clemenceau of France
- Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy
10
Q
Why was Italy different from the other 3?
A
- Imperialist agenda
- Translation issues - couldn’t speak english very well
- Led to power imbalance + Vittorio feeling betrayed by the allies
11
Q
Naval blockade on Germany
A
Britain continued their naval blockade on Germany until the TOV was signed - Germany forced to sign treaty as a result
12
Q
Disarmament
A
The policy of reducing or abolishing a nation’s
military forces and armaments
13
Q
War guilt clause
A
- Clause 231 ‘war guilt clause’
- doesn’t mention guilt but Germany was blamed for starting the war
14
Q
BRAT
A
B - Blame for starting the war
R - Reparations
A - Army limited to 100,000 men
T - Territory lost in Europe as well as colonies in Africa and the Pacific
15
Q
What was the League of Nations?
A
- A precursor to the United Nations; an international organisation
which aimed to settle disputes between countries and prevent war; member nations were meant to be protected by the concept of ‘collective security’ - Intergovernmental organisation, aimed to achieve international peace and security
16
Q
What were the long-term consequences of the TOV?
A
- A new world order
- Carving up of Europe
- National self-determination and ethnic minorities
- Damage to German republicanism and democracy
17
Q
What was the Weimar Republic?
A
- The government of Germany between 1919 and 1933.
- Democratic, constitution
18
Q
What did the Weimar Republic become a symbol of and why?
A
- The acceptance of TOV was blamed upon the Weimar Republic and especially the Jews
- The Republic became a symbol of military defeat and humilation
19
Q
What are the features of a dictatorship?
A
- One Party
- Ideology
- Terror
- Communications monopoly
- Planned/controlled economy
- Weapons monopoly
20
Q
What led to the development of dictatorships in Europe?
A
- Mass politics and mass media: dissemination of ideas, nationalism
- WWI: gov control, propaganda
- 1919 peace treaties: unhappy nations easy target for radicals
- Change in 1920s/30s: economic problems, great depression
21
Q
When was the USSR established?
A
The Soviet Union or USSR was established at the end of 1922 after the Bolsheviks and their Red Army had successfully ended any resistance from former parts of the Russian Empire trying to gain independence (Russian Civil War).
22
Q
What does USSR stand for?
A
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
23
Q
Who was Joseph Stalin?
A
- Dictator of Soviet Union 1922-1953
- Propaganda and censorship
- Brutal - anyone seen as a threat killed (purges)
- Opponents were sent to concentration camps (Gulags)
24
Q
Gulags
A
- 8 million prisoners in gulags or prison camps by 1941
- The average sentence was 10 years
- This was the equivalent of a death sentence due to the appalling conditions of the camps
25
What were Stalin's achievements?
- Rapid modernization of the USSR
- Victory over Nazi Germany
- USSR emergence as global superpower
26
What did the people of the USSR endure under his rule?
- Enormous suffering of the people through terror and terrible living conditions.
- Extreme political violence, brutalization of people BUT more education, jobs, strong leadership
27
How did Stalin transform society?
By 1939 34% of population working in industry, cities filled with small apartments, traditional family values, prioritization of Russian language and culture, targeting of religion
28
What did Stalin's foreign policy entail?
Revolutionary (spread communism globally) but also pragmatic (friendly relations with foreign powers)
29
Fascism
A political system based on a very powerful leader, state control, extreme pride of country and race, and in which political opposition is not allowed
30
Rise of Fascism in Italy
- Severe economic problems
- Revolution feared
- Nationalists wanted more out of TOV
- - Mussolini (Il Duce) - formed party in 1919
- Censorship
- Secret police
- Propaganda
- Parliament consisted of only fascists
- Mussolini dreamed of creating a new Roman Empire
31
When did Italy invade Ethiopia?
1935
32
What did Italy do in 1936?
- Signed Rome-Berlin Axis with Hitler
- Italy and Germany sent many troops and weapons to the Spanish Civil War to help the Nationalist leader, Franco
- Joined the Anti-Comintern Pact directed against the Soviet Union
33
Italy - totalitarian?
- Italian Fascism was much less violent and repressive than Nazism
- No camp system
- No violent racial ideology
- No extensive power over the lives of most Italians
33
What happened in 1938?
Mussolini gave Hitler the green light to annex Austria
34
Who resisted Fascism?
Much of industry, the army, the Church, and the bureaucracy resisted the Fascists successfully
35
What did Mussolini do to gain support of the Church?
- Closed down many wine shops and night clubs, made swearing in public illegal
- Sought ban on divorce and dismissed contraception as unchristian
36
Charter of Race
- Took away Italian Jews citizenship of Italy
- Excluded foreign Jews
- Excluded Jews from teaching, civil service and military
- Jews were forbidden from marrying non-Jewish Italians and they were not allowed to join the army
37
Link between Fascism and the Holocaust
- Mussolini generally resisted Hitler’s extermination policy and left most Jews alone. But many were still sent to their deaths.
- 75% of Italian Jews survived the Holocaust
- Estimated 10,000 were sent to camps in Eastern Europe
38
Japanese militarism
Refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation
39
Militarism
The idea that having strong armed forces is crucial
40
Military control in Japan
- The military ruled in the name of Emperor Hirohito
- The public were supportive of the military taking control
41
Japan - Totalitarian?
- Authority was less concentrated than European dictatorships
- Japanese people were supportive of government so little need for repression
- Japanese society still maintained traditional beliefs and practices
- No new ideology ever implemented.
42
Crises in Japan that allowed the military to rise to power?
Japan’s elected governments were undermined in the 1920s by a number of crises
- Great Kanto Earthquake
- Financial crises leading to the collapse of banks
- Great Depression
43
Explain the Invasion of Manchuria and expansion in China
- The Japanese invaded Chinese Manchuria
- Japan continued to spread its territory in China ignoring the League of Nations
- At home, the military gradually took control of all of government decision making.
44
Resistance/opposition to the Nazis
45
Who were the kings of propaganda?
Hitler and Joseph Goebbels
Goebbels = Minister of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment
46
What were the two key flaws in the Weimar Republic?
1. Political representation
2. Economy
47
Political representation in the Weimar Republic?
- Too many parties
- Impossible to gain a majority
- Successful coalitions almost impossible - all parties had their own self-interest at heart
- Political stability almost impossible to achieve
48
Economy in the Weimar Republic
Germany's economic success closely linked to America's - Dramatic effects after the economy collapsed
49
Dawes Plan
$800,000,000 in American loans for Germany
50
Unstable economy in the Weimar Republic
- Economic recovery was real but problems persisted.
- Massage foreign debt meant its success was tied to factors beyond its control
- Any disruption to world trade would have devasting consequences
51
Divided society in the Weimar Republic
- Still deep class divisions, regional differences, religious differences that prevented national unity
52
Political divisions under the Weimar Republic
- Parliamentary system was unstable. Political parties could not work together and compromise.
- No unified national outlook among the political parties
53
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