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Phamaceutics IV > Powders and Granules > Flashcards

Powders and Granules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two things that powders may describe?

A
  • PHYSICAL FORM of a material- a dry substance composed of finely divided particles
  • Type of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION- a medicated powder intended for internal or external use.
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2
Q

What does particle size impact?

A
  • * PLUS-D**
  • Penetrability of particles for inhalation
  • Lack of grittiness for dermatological s
  • Uniformity of dose
  • Suspendability of suspensions (stokes law)
  • Dissolution Rate
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3
Q

Importance of particle size:

A

MIXING, MIGRATION, COLOR, DERMATOLOGICALS

  • Uniform particle size aids in mixing and distribution
  • Migration may occur with differences in particle size
  • Differences may change the color intensity of a powder
  • Especially important in dermatologicals
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4
Q

A decrease in particle size…

A

Increases surface area

Increases bio availability

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5
Q

The study of small particles:

A

MICROMERITICS

  • P article size & particle size distribution
  • U niformity
  • M orphology
  • P orosity
  • V olume
  • C ompatibility with other formulation components
  • F low
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6
Q

What is the purpose of particle size analysis?

A

To obtain quantitative data on the size, distribution and morphology of powders.

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7
Q

What are the sizes of pharmaceutical powders?

A

May range in size from extremely course (about 10mm) to extremely fine (about 1 micron or less)

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8
Q

USP terms for particle size

A

Very course, coarse, moderately course, fine, very fine.

Smaller sieve # = Larger particle size

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9
Q

What is a sieve?

A

Helps to determine particle size as well as get particle size where it needs to be.

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10
Q

What are the 5 methods of Particle Size Analysis?

A
  • Sieve Analysis
  • Microscopy
  • Sedimentation Rate
  • Laser light scattering or diffraction
  • Cascade impaction
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11
Q
  • Particles are passed by mechanical shaking though a series of sieves of known and successively smaller size.
  • The proportion of powder passing through or being withheld on each sieve is determined
A

Sieve Analysis

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12
Q

Particle size is determined by a visual observation with the use of a calibrated grid background or other measuring device.

A

Microscopy

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13
Q

Simulate inhalation, inhalation devices, to determine analyze particle size

A

Andersen Cascade Impactor

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14
Q

What is powder flow IMPACTED by?

A
  • SIZE
  • SHAPE
  • POROSITY
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15
Q

What is powder flow CHARACTERIZED by?

A
  • Angle of response

* Carr/Hausner Index (Compressibility Index)

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16
Q
  • Estimates flow properties
  • Measure the angle formed when powder is allowed to flow freely from a known height
  • Tan O = h/r
A

Angle of Response

Powders with low angles of response flow freely

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17
Q
  • Method to determine powder flow and compressibility
  • Useful in determining storage needs
  • Weigh known volume of powder and mechanically drop from a given height and determine volume
A

Tapped and Bulk Density

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18
Q

A smaller compressibility index means…

A

Better flow

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19
Q

A larger compressibility index means

A

Less flow

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20
Q

The process of reducing a particle size of a solid substance to a finer state of subdivision

A

Comminution

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21
Q

What are the objectives of particle size reduction

A
  • Facilitate crude drug extraction
  • Increase the dissolution rates of drugs
  • Aid in the formulation process
  • Enhance absorption
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22
Q

Trituation, Pulverization, and Levigation are forms of what type of Particle size reduction

A

EXTEMPORANEOUS Particle size reduction

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23
Q

Continued rubbing of a solid in a mortar with a pestle to reduce particle size

A

Trituration

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24
Q

Comminution by utilizing a solvent that can be easily removed.

A

Pulverization

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25
Q

Trituating while moistened with a liquid in which the powder is insoluble. Used in ointments/ creams/ pase

A

Levigation

26
Q

Milling, Lyophilization (Freeze-Drying), and spray drying are forms of what type of particle size reduction?

A

INDUSTRIAL Particle size reduction

27
Q

What are the the types of Milling?

A 
Ball Mills 
Roller mills 
Cutter mills 
Hammer mills 
Colloid mills 
Fluid energy mills
28
Q

Freeze drying is known as

A

Lyophilization

Increases shelf life by removing water from a system

29
Q

The blending of powders is known as

A

Compounding

30
Q

Spatulation, Trituation, Tumbiling, Specialized equipment, Geometirc dilution are all used in….

A

Compounding!

31
Q

Mixing of powders on an ointment slab or pad using a spatula, no particle size reduction

A

Spatulation

32
Q

Continued rubbing of a solid in a mortar with a pestle to reduce the particle size

A

Trituration

33
Q

Specialized equipment used in compounding are

A

Mixers, sifters, etc.

34
Q

Used when blending two or more powders of unequal quantities to ensure that small quantities of usually potent drugs are uniformly distributed throughout the powder mixture.

A

Geometric dilution

35
Q

What are two INDUSTRIALLY used devises used in the blending of powders

A
  • Tumblers
  • Double come blender, twin shell blender
  • Paddle Blenders
  • Blade and Paddle Blender
36
Q

What are Factors in Blending

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Density
  • Electrostatic Forces
37
Q

What are the uses of Powders?

A
  • Medicated Powders
  • Aerosol Powders
  • Bulk and Divided Powders

-Preparation of other dosage forms

38
Q

Dentrifrices, Insufflations, and Powder Aerosols are uses of what type of powders?

A

MEDICATED Powders

39
Q

Powders used to clean the teeth

A

Dentrifrices

40
Q

Intended for application to the body cavities

e.g., tooth sockets, ears, nose, throat, vagina

A

Insufflations

41
Q

Antiperspirants, deodorants, feminine hygiene sprays, body sprays, body sprays, insufflations, dry lubricants

A

Powder Aerosols

42
Q

-Inhalation
-Dry powder inhalers
-Micronized powders
-Exernal appplication (nose, throat, and vagina)
-Insufflators
-Powder blowers
…are all types of what type of medicated powders?

A

Aerosol Powders

43
Q
  • Intended to be administered in dosage quantities that are safe for the patient to measure.
  • Should pass through a 100 mesh sieve
  • Dusting powders, aerosols, dentifrices, antacids, laxatives, dietary nutrient supplements, douches
A

Bulk Powders

44
Q
  • Must be homogeneous, free from potential of causing local irritation.
  • Should flow easily, spread uniformly, and cling the the skin upon application.
  • Generally dispensed in sifter-top containers.
A

Dusting Powders

45
Q
  • Single doses of the powdered drug mixture individually enclosed in paper, cellophane, or metallic foil wrappers or packets.
  • Sufficiently potent to require premeasured doses
A

Divided powders

46
Q

What are the three types of Bulk and Divided Powders?

A

Bulk
Divided
Dusting

47
Q

What powder types require special handling?

A
  • Hygroscopic/ Water of Imbibition
  • Delquescent
  • Efflorescent
  • Eutectic Mixtures
48
Q

Substances that absorb moisture from the air

A

Hygroscopic

49
Q

Substances that absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they liquefy by partially or wholly forming a solution

A

Deliquescent

50
Q

Crystalline substances that become powdery and liberate their water of hydration when they are manipulated or stored under conditions of low relative humidity

A

Efflorescent Powders

51
Q

A mixture of certain components with a melting point less than room temperature; thus, they liquefy when in close and prolonged contact.

A

Eutectic mixtures

52
Q
  1. Dispense powders separately
  2. Add an absorbent powder (talc, starch, lactose, CaPo4)
  3. Keep ingredients separated as much as possible
  4. Make then add an absorbent to incorporate the liquid

are all ways to…

A

Avoid Eutectics

53
Q

Prepared agglomerates of powdered materials raning from 4-10 mesh in size.

Reduced surface area compared to powders

Not intended for use with potent drugs because of inherent error when a patient measures the dose with a teaspoon, scoop, etc.

Good for unstable drugs (antibiotics)

A

Granules

54
Q

Prepared by moistening blended powders and by passing this mass though a screen or a granulator

Granules are then air or oven dried

Flavors can be sprayed on the granules and then dried.

A

Granule Preparation

55
Q
  • Contain mixtures of citric acid, tartaric acid, or sodium biphosphate with a bicarbonate and a medicinal agent.
  • The carbonated solution is a pleasant vehicle and lessens the bitter and salty taste of salts (MgSO4-)
A

Effervescent Granules

56
Q

Micromeritics/ particle characterization has a significant impact on…

A

Dosage forms

57
Q

There are several methods available to…

A

Characterize powders

58
Q

Selection of the most appropriate comminution and blending method is important in preparation of…

A

Dosage forms

59
Q

Powders used as dosage forms include…

A
  • pharmaceutical granules

- bulk and divided powders.

60
Q

Explain granules in terms of particle size and surface area.

A

Granules have larger particle size and therefore decreased surface area.

Phamaceutics IV (1 decks)

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