POULTRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Flashcards
- collective term for all domestic birds rendering economic service to
man.
- POULTRY
term applied to all poultry species specifically, applied to designated
mature domestic cocks and hens. Poultry can refer also to the dressed carcass
of fowls.
FOWL-
the projecting mouthparts of the chickens and turkey, consisting of
upper and lower mandible ; organs of prehension.
- BEAK-
-a place where young chicks / ducklings are cared for after
hatching until they have grown to a point where they no longer need
additional heat.
BROODER
- caponized cockerels; usually grown up to 4 months and weights up
to 3 kgs with more improved quality of meat. CHICK- young domestic
chicken while at the downy stage
CAPON
groups of eggs laid for successive days COCK/ ROOSTER- a male
fowl one year old or over
CLUTCHES-
a male fowl less than one year old
COCKEREL-
made of vascularized tissue growing on tops of fowls head. This serves
as an ornamental function signs of status and conditions of the male and for
heat dissipation. The standard varieties are single, rose, pea, V-shaped,
strawberry, cushion and the buttercup.
- COMB-
the receptacle in which s fowls food is accumulated before it passes to
the gizzard.
- CROP-
old hens that had passed their usefulness for commercial egg
production
- CULLS-
the male of the duck family
DRAKE-
cutting of the comb, wattles, or earlobes, so as to leave the head
smooth
*DUBBING-
the young of the duck family in the downy stage of plumage
*DUCKLING-
volume of feed necessary to produce a kilogram
gain in weight
- FEED CONVERSION RATIO-
the number or volume of chicken sold marketed based on the
number of days old chick raised
- HARVEST RECOVERY-
- period (in days) where embryonic development takes place outside the
body of the hen.
*INCUBATION
egg type or dual type 6 months old female that lay eggs.
- LAYER-
- act of laying eggs
*OVIPOSITION
the feather of the fowl
- PLUMAGE-
the young of a domestic turkey; the term is properly applied until sex can be
distinguished, when they are called cockerels and pullets.
- POULT-
female fowl 5-6 months of age intended for egg production.
- PULLET-
the portion of the fowl’s legs below the hock, exclusive of the foot and toes.
- SHANK-
are fleshy flaps of skin that hang either side of your hen’s throat starting just
behind the beak, we tend to notice them more in cockerels where they are used as an
ornament for courting potential mates.
- Wattles-
*Natural Brooding *Artificial Brooding
classifications of brooding
The management they received during the brooding period and rearing
period will affect the performance of the layers and broilers.
Good management is essential during these periods in order to be sure of
housing only birds that will perform profitably in the laying house.
Brooding Requirements
__________starts as soon as the chicks are placed in the brooder area where
heat is supplied until the chicks grown to the point where they no longer need
additional heat to keep them comfortable. This period lasts for approximately
4 weeks.
Brooding
*Day Old – 1 week ——- 90 – 95 °F (32.2 – 35 °C)
* 1 – 2 weeks ——- 85 – 90 °F (29.4 – 32.2 °C)
* 2 – 3 weeks ——- 80 – 83 °F (26.7 – 29.4 °C)
* 3 – 4 weeks ——- 80 °F (26.7 - °C and below)
TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
- 75 °F (23.8°C) or cooler temperature. The chick’s physiological reaction
to existing environmental temperature will indicate whether the
temperature is right, too low or too high.
GROWING PERIOD
a.) electricity
b.) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
c.) infra red lamp
d.) kerosene lamp
e.) charcoal
Sources of heat for brooders
*As the beginning of the brooding period the chicks need very little space
but as the chick grows older they must be provided much wider area.
Egg Type Chickens
* 1 day – 3 weeks —- 0.3 sq. ft./bird
* 3 weeks – 8 weeks —-0.5 sq. ft./bird
* 8 weeks – 12 weeks — 1.0 sq. ft./bird
Meat Type Broiler
* 1 day – 2 weeks —- 0.3 sq. ft./bird
* 2 weeks – market age —- 1.0 sq. ft./bird
FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT
- Light management is very important in the development of
new layers, the correct light to dark ratio on the rearing
house will influence the production of larger eggs.
*During the first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks
throughout the night (24 hours light) is favorable for growth
because there is eating time if food is available. The light in
the brooder will encourage the birds to keep close to source
of heat, feed and water.
*One cardinal rule to follow in the light management of
poultry intended for egg production is – never increase
light during growing period and never decrease light
during the laying period. Increasing day length (light)
during the growing period of birds will hasten their sexual
maturity, which will result, to production of more pullet
eggs (small eggs). Layers are prone to prolapsed and
shorter egg production cycle.
*Under local conditions where there is only slight variation
in a day length, it is recommended day must not exceed 11 – 12 hours during the growing stage (4 – 18 weeks) of
the developing pullets.
LIGHT REQUIREMENT
- 2.0 – 2.5 sq. ft./bird
*Litter floor
– 1.5 – 2.0 sq. ft./bird
- Slat floor
0.75 – 1.0 sq. ft./bird
- Cages –
*As soon as they settled in the brooder compartment, it is best if
water can be given to them immediately. Feed must be provided
after 2 – 3 hours when the chicks have learn to drink. Chick
booster mash rations must be provided for broiler and Chick
starter for Layer. This may place on paper matting or chick feeder
designed for the purpose.
*The availability of drinking water to the chicks must be
emphasized, the addition of 5 – 10% of sugar in the drinking water
can be done for the first 6 – 8 hours during the arrival of the day
old chick. Supplementation of water – soluble vitamin – mineral
antibiotic preparation can give the chicks a good start too.
FEEDS, FEEDING, WATERING
One of the common problems encountered in raising pullets is feather picking which
almost always results to more serious problem.
Cannibalism is a bad habit developed by some growing birds. It usually starts from
feather or toe picking which may result to serious wounding and death to birds. The
possible causes of cannibalism are:
1. Imbalanced ration- a high energy diet with low protein leads to this problem.
2. Overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space.
3. Extended period without feed and water.
4. Poor ventilation
5. Excessive heat and too much light.
6. It may also be a strain characteristic.
To remedy, provide proper feed and housing condition, or beak trimming as preventive.
Cannibalism among growing chickens
✔Good quality chicks
✔Proper Temperature
✔Good ventilation
✔Adequate floor, feeding and drinking spaces
✔Dryness and cleanliness
✔Protection from predators
✔Proper feeds and feeding system.
Requirements for successful brooding:
a. Weather/ climatic conditions- longer during cold and
rainy months, shorter during dry and warm months.
b. Rate of feathering- shorter for fast feathering breeds/
varieties/strains, longer for slow feathering: can be
due to genetic make up or nutrition of the birds.
Factors affecting length of brooding period.
Growing Management
__________________________
After the brooding stage, the chicks are transferred to the
grower house or provide with a much wider floor space.
Grower house are no longer provided with heaters.
Generally, the chicks reared on wider floor space of any kind
of the following house construction.
A. System of rearing
this is a
good system but
because of more land
area required, this
system is commonly
practice by native
chicken growers & by
duck raisers.
Range System –
- – this is a system
of raising poultry where
the birds are provided w/
shed or housing & all
area to graze or pasture.
e.i in native chicken,
organic chicken
production.
Semi-confinement
system
- the modern trend in raising commercial strains.
a.) litter floor
c.) combination
b.) slat floor
d.) cages
Complete-confinement –
- The correct level of good quality protein and other essential element must be
present in the growing ration. Birds tend to lay eggs early when feed of high
protein content. - This is not desirable since early maturity results in smaller pullets and
consequently production of smaller eggs. - Furthermore, small pullets can carry on a long egg production period. If
pullets tend to mature quickly pullet developer ration can be given to the birds
up to 22 weeks old. Although pullets feed with low level of protein start laying
eggs at a later period they will produce many more standard size eggs and
consequently bring bigger income.
B. Rearing of Pullets
1.Actual amount of feed can be reduced. The amount of reduction will
depend on the extend delaying required and the composition of diet.
Some poultry raisers have practiced as much as 20% reduction based on
full need capacity.
2.The feed can be diluted by incorporating a high fiber material (like rice
hulls). The pullet should be full feed.
3.A low protein, specially low lysine diet, will delay sexual maturity.
4.Skip feeding
5.Together with any method of feed restriction, light mast also be
reduced.
The following are some suggestion to delay sexual maturity
- -production of too small eggs
- -tendency to obtain lower egg production rate during the whole
production period.
*-higher morality
*-higher evidence of prolapse
If too early sexual maturity is being shown by the pullets, some delaying
measures maybe worthwhile.
Too early maturity leads to:
After 16 weeks of age, the reproductive organs of the pullets will start to develop in
preparation for reproduction (egg production). This is manifested by the change of
appearance of the secondary sexual character.
1.The comb and wattles begin to increase in size and the color becomes red
2.The pullets become friendly and cackle
3.She instinctively looks for nest
4.Pullets become docile (easily manage)and gregarious(sociable)
5.The vent and abdomen become enlarge
*The surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of 1st egg
*The egg at which the 1st egg is laid depends upon the bread or
strain and the kind of management given.
*In general, egg type breeds should come into production when
they are about 22 weeks (5 1⁄2 months)
*Although the most awaited time in raising pullets is when they
begin producing eggs, it is not desirable to hurry them up to
production too early.
Sign of sexual maturity
