Poultry pathology 10. septicemia in general Flashcards
Bacteria causing septicemia in poultry
• Pasteurella multocida • Borrelia anserina • Salmonella gallinarum, pullorum (contagious) • Salmonella enteritidis, typhimurium, anatum (environmental) Campylobacter jejuni • Riemerella anatipestifer • E. coli (in 85-90% of cases) • Streptococcus ssp. • Staphylococcus ssp. • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Listeria monocytogenes
General pathology of septicaemia
The course of the disease • peracute (no lesion) • quick - acute • subacute • chronic (bacteremia)-lesions are profoundly different than acute
The pathogen • obligatory pathogenic -Virulence factors that are capableof defeating the healthy defence lines (integument, mucosa, immune system, normal microbiota) • facultative pathogen -weakened defences = predisposing factor is necessary • specific (other primary pathogen) • non specific (environment, nutrition, stress)
Macroscopic results in acute form:
• splenomegaly, haemorrhages acute serous hepatitis (enlarged, haemorrhages, pinpoint foci) • acute catarrhal enteritis, colitis, typhlitis • inflammation of serous membranes acute serous-fibrinous polyserositis
General pathology of septicemia
Peracute/subacute/chronic
• peracut: usually young birds; the animal dies even before visible haemorrhages would form
– supplementary examinations prove the disease
• subacute and chronic
• liver and spleen shows 0,1-1 mm (large) inflammatory nodules
• later foci grow, melt together/get demarcated
• proliferative processes in the intestines
• liver, spleen and under epicardium: diapedesin type haemorrhages
(can be sharp or diffuse)
• serous-fibrinous arthritis, bursitis or tenosynovitis
• serous-fibrinous-purulent leptomeningitis
• uveitis
Streptococcosis
Pathogen
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus
S. gallinaceous, zooepidemicus, dysgalactiae
• widespread organisms
• members of mucosal and intestinal microbiota
• asymptomatic carriage
• facultative pathogens
• common in geese, ducks and turkey (like E. coli in chicken)
• acute death syndrome in ducklings (ADSD)
• rarely in chicken
ZOONOSIS
Streptococcosis
Pathology
• local inflammatory processes • omphalitis • skin and feather follicules • enterocolitis • salpingitis • often mixed infection (Staphylococcus sp., E. coli) -bacteriaemia • cellulitis • osteomyelitis • arthritis and tenosynovitis • endocarditis thromboulcerosa -septicemia • young birds • immunosupression
-acute form • acute septicemia • acute serous hepatitis =>necrotic foci • acute catarrhal enteritis • serous-fibrinous perihepatitis • leptomeningitis
-chronic form • serous-fibrinous arthritis • purulent-necrotic osteomyelitis • serous-fibrinous-purulent salpingitis • serous-fibrinous pericarditis • necrotic myocarditis (focal multiplex) •endocarditis thromboulcerosa
Enterococcosis in poultry
Pathogen
• previously classified as
Lancefield-D Streptococcus
• Enterococcus fecalis, faecium, durans, avium, hirae, cecorum
• members of normal intestinal microbiota=>• Enterococcus faecium is probiotic
• in hatchery:
-in ovo: bacteria enter egg via the pores, causes fatal septicemia
-hatched chicks: omphalitis & septicemia
-Enterococcus cecorum • 7-14 days of age, lameness, paralysis • septicemia, pericarditis, endocarditis, myositis, spondylitis, arthritis, osteomyelitis, ophtalmitis • femur head necrosis, spongyloarthritis • ADSD-like disease in Muscovy duck • amyloid-arthropathia in chicken
-Enterococcus faecalis
• embryonic death
• dermatitis – septicemia
• contamination of injection sites
Staphylococcosis
Pathogen
• Staphylococcus aureus
• S. epidermidis, gallinarum, hyicus, xylosus
• ubiquiter bacteria (environment, skin)
• facultative, opportunistic pathogen
• usually only purulent-necrotic local processes
• AB resistance (MRSA)
ZOONOSIS
Staphylococcosis
Pathogenesis
local inflammation where the entry became possible: • in ovo- emryonic death, omphalitis • newly hatched- omphalitis, septicemia • inhale - sinusitis • skin lesions- cellulitis • maceratio - foot ulcer
decreased immunity (IBDV, CAV, Marek):
• bacteremia
• septicemia
Campylobacteriosis
• C. jejuni, C. coli
• 2nd most important food poisoning
• where Salmonella is eradicated the first
• most farms contaminated
• pathogenicity
-debated (formerly considered apathogenic)
-watery diarrhea
-catarrhal enteritis
-maybe bacteraemia and focal hepatitis-> indicating immunosuppression
• shedding after 2-3 weeks (maternal immunity)
• in deep litter technology 90-100% starts to shed few days PI
• fragile in the environment -> recurring contamination indicate biosecurity errors
Avian tuberculosis (TBC)
• Mycobacterium avium • Old birds, mostly in backyard poultry • all avian species are susceptible (zoo) • chronic, wasting disease • infection: per os -the primary complex is always found in the intestine • early generalization -various size pale yellow caseous foci -mostly in the liver & spleen -from beak to tail, anywhere in the body • DIFF: leucosis, Marek, Hjarre, pullorum, Yersinia, chronic cholera
Erysipelas in poultry
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. insidiosa)
- late-fattening (male) turkey
- free-range poultry
- goose parent flock
- source of infection:
- other species (swine, humans: ZOONOSIS)
- environment (soil, silt)
- vector (Dermanyssus gallinae)
- facultatively pathogic
- peracute mortality (1-50%)
- diarrhea
- septicemia
Erysipelas in poultry
common predisposing factors
• turkey: -summer heatwave -overcrowding (45 kg/m2 , 18-23 kg/bird) -start of breeding season for layers -fighting amongst males • goose: -plucking of down feathers -cold & wet after plucking/ very cold weather in general • forms of the disease: - acute septicemia - prolonged septicemia - chronic forms
Erysipelas in poultry
pathology:
-acute septicemia • acute septic (hyperaemic) splenomegaly • acute serous hepatitis • few haemorrhages • mild (=beginning) serofibrinous peritonitis
-prolonged septicemia • added to what was described above • necrotic foci in the liver • pronounced serofibrinous peritonitis • serofibrinous arthritis and tenosynovitis
-chronic stage
• endocarditis thromboulcerosa
• caseous arthritis and tenosynovitis
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS)
• Brachyspira intermedia, pilosicoli, alvinipulli,
hyodysenteriae
• anaerobic
• facultatively pathogenic
• almost all avian species – usually layers
• only in the intestines
• culturing is slow and cumbersome
Avian intestinalis spirochaetosis (AIS) 2
• Infection: per os (orofecal)
• 30-70% of farms contaminated
(100% within a population)
• colonizes the posterior sections- in the gland crypts asymptomatically or maybe with a slight inflammation
• predisposing factors
(serious or multiple errors)
• intestinal lesions– putrid, foul smelling, mucoid diarrhea • contaminated eggs
• kidney damage and gout often follows
• loss of production
• Diagnosis: smear, slide (silver impregnation)
(if PCR is out of order)
Yersiniosis
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis • widespread • likes low temperatures • broad host spectrum wild birds – rodents – zoonosis • cold season, late turkey fattening, sporadically
-acute:
• mucosal inflammation, diarrhea, anorexia
• septicemia
• foci in liver, spleen, muscles
-chronic
• wasting, lethargy
• large foci, granuloma
(fibrinopurulent inflammation, surrounded by multinuclear giant cells)
Pseudomoniasis
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• ubiquitous microorganism
• contaminates opened medications+ all equipment
=>mass treatments (vaccinations) can infect large numbers
• contamination in the hatchery - omphalitis
• primary effect at the site of entry>local serous-hemorrhagic-necrotic inflammation
• this can evolve to septicemia
Pathology
• local infection: haemorrhages in subcutaneous tissue
• acute septic splenomegaly
• serofibrinous polyserositis
• multifocal necrotic hepatitis
• fibrinopurulent arthritis and tenosynovitis
• serofibrinous leptomeningitis
• in older birds fibrinopurulent conjunctivitis
Listeriosis
- L. monocytogenes, ivanovii
- ubiquitous soil-dwelling and intestinal bacteria
- present in 1-10% of human colon samples
- mesophilic (likes cold)=>• culture on room temperature• food/feed poisoning
- rarely in goslings
- possibly in chicken, turkey, pigeon
- feed contaminated with dirt
- septicemia (liver, spleen)
- central nervous system
Pathology
• mostly subacute-chronic septicemia
• prolonged course in both individuals & population
• primary lesions in the intestine=> circumscribed necrosis in ileum + caecum
• inflammatory-necrotic foci in organs listerioma:
heterophyl gran. & lymphocyte + monocyta
later foreign body type giant cell
• can spread to serous membranes
• brain:
-necrosis & micro-abscesses
-perivascularis monocyte & histiocyte infiltration
• persisting lesions in organs
-large foci
-myocardial necrosis, change of shape, foci
-heart failure: dilation, hydropericardium
