Poultry Flashcards
What is the etiology of Salmonella pullorum/gallinarum?
Salmonella eneterica subsp enterica pullorum-gallinarum
Is S gallinarum motile or non motile?
non motile
How is S gallinarum transmitted?
Laying of infected eggs that will infect healthy chicks
Intermittent shedding in feces
A chick comes to you with a pasting butt with chalky brown excreta, what is on your Ddx?
S. gallinarum
If you do a necropsy of a chick and find an enlarged liver/spleen with necrotic foci with swelling of hock joints, what are you thinking?
S gallinarum
If you have an adult chicken come in with anemia, diarrhea, that have lesions on the ovary that is mis-shapen pedunculated, what are you thinking?
S gallinarum
How do you prevent S gallinarum
Good management
Hygiene
Eliminate carriers*
How can you diagnose salmonella?
agglutination
What is the etiology of Paratyphoid infections?
S. enterica
2500 serotypes
Is Paratyphoid motile or non motile? What else do you need to be worried about with this dz?
motile
ZOONOTIC
How is Paratyphoid transmitted?
Direct ovarian (via egg)
Horizontal
How do chicks with Paratyphoid look
they stand with eyes closed, head down low with ruffled feathers
How can you prevent Paratyphoid
Egg sanitation/fumigatio
Hygiene
Euth
Vacc
Which salmonella is seen in Turkeys?
arizonae
Who are the resevoir hosts for arizonae
Wild birds
Rats
Mice
Reptiles
What are the C/S for arizonae
poults: past butt, leg weakness/twisting, blindness, nervous signs
Adults: asymptomatic
What is the main agent for air saculitis?
Avian Mycoplasmosis
When you prevent______ it reduces E. coli septicemia respiratory origin
Mycoplasma
At what age do broilers get M gallisepticum
4-8 wks
How is M gallisepticum transmitted?
Direct contact
Through egg via oviduct
What causes chronic respiratory dz in chickens?
M gallisepticum
What causes infectious sinusitis in turkeys?
M gallisepticum
How do you tx M gallisepticum?
bacteria free flocks
vacc
EGG DIPPING
Which Mycoplasma ONLY infects turkeys?
melegridis
Which dz causes air sacculitis at 1 day old?
M melgridis
Which dz causes skeletal lesions at 1-6 wks old causing twisting, shortening of tarsometatrsal bones
M melegridis
How do you tx M melegridis
EGG DIPPING
How is M melegridis transmitted?
eggs
horizontal
how do you prevent M melegridis?
avoid infected semen
How is M synoviae transmitted?
direct
direct ovarian via egg
Who does M synoviae effect?
Turkey, chickens, guinea fowl
What are the two types of c/s you can get from M synoviae?
Joints: exudative synovitis, tendosynovitis, bursitis–creamy exudate spreads through body to caseous in joints and tendon sheaths. Hock joints and/or footpads are swollen but birds are active
Respiratory: Subclinical upper respiratory infection, when complicated w/other agents = air sac
How can you tx M synoviae?
EGG DIPPING
inactivated oil emulsion bacterin–variable results
Who does E coli effect
Chicken, turkeys ducks
but infects all spp of birds
How is E coli spread?
Vertical
Horizontal
Feces–contaminates egg shell and penetrates
**Who else spreads like this?
motile Salmonella
Where/when will you see E coli infections?
what is this similar to?
Embryo death in LATE incubation
lesions in the embryo and chicks
similar to paratyphoid
peritonitis 1-3 wks, retained yolk, reduced weight after 3 weeks
What are the two types of coli septicemia?
Enteric (acute): mostly in Turkeys in bloodstream–moderate mortality. swollen liver with necrotic foci, heart with fibrinous pericarditis, congested muscles
Respiratory: bloodstream, low mortality. air sacculitis, dark swollen liver, with perihepatitis, chronic pericarditis
What are your ddx for E coli?
Omphalitis caused by other agents
Acute septicemia could be caused by salmonella-fowl cholera
Why do you need to be careful with the tx of e coli?
frequent drug resistance
What does P. multocida cause?
Fowl Cholera
P multocida isolates from (this spp) are pathogenic to poultry
Pigs
How is fowl cholera spread?
Direct
The survivors are carriers
Who is more susceptible to Fowl Cholera?
Turkey more than chickens–but most spp of birds can get it.
Mature chickens are more susc than young
how long does it take for birds to die in the acute form of FC?
2 days w/o c/s
If a bird presents subacutely with hemorrhages on subepicardium, intestine, fat and serosa, enlarged and necrotic liver. the turkey will have hepatitis and pericarditis?
Fowl Cholera
What does fowl cholera cause in turkeys?
unilateral pneumonia and pleuritis
chronic forms of fowl cholera causes?
caseous exudate in localized tissue
ex: it is in the ear–otitis causes torticollis. swelling of wattles
How do you diagnose fowl cholera?
smears stained with giemsa/culture
Do you tx fowl cholera, and if so what?
Ab chemotherapy-ab and sulfa
How can you prevent/control fowl cholera?
Vacc 6-8 wks, repeat after 8wks. will last 6-8 months. but only in endemic areas
Px by good management
In broilers, what is a serious emerging zoonosis? How do humans get this?
Campy
improper handling and consumption of contaminated poultry or poultry products.
Transmission of Campy
Feces.
c/s and Lesions of campy
no c/s
lesions: distention of intestine w/mucus and watery content. Toxic strains cause hemorrhages in the intestine and liver
Dx campy?
Isolation of bacteria on artificial media and in embryos
What are the AI conditions that Campy can cause in humans
Guillain barre syndrome-neuro-muscular paralysis associated with inflammatory polyneuropathy
Fishers Syndrome
Reither’s Syndrom-non purulent reactive arthritis
How can you control campy?
No vacc so you need to have good management procedures.
preharvest control: biosecurity, frequent collection and cleaning of eggs, clean water and food
post harvest control: reduce microbial contamination during processing, spray washers w/chlorine, scalding immersions, Antimicrobial additions in water, gamma irradiation, freezing
What is the etiology of spirochetosis?
Borrelia anserina and burgdorferi
Who are the hosts for Spirochetosis
Geese, turkey, chicken, duck, canaries, and pheasants
How do spirchetes spread?
Biological: Soft tick
Mechanical: Infected needles, contaminated fee, blood, water and feces
C/S spirochetes
fever, anemia, diarrhea, paralysis, arthritis
What lesions do spirochetes cause
enlargement and necrosis of liver and spleen
How can you dx spirochetes?
examination of blood smear
isolation of bacteria in embryos
serology
Can you tx, and with what, and how do you control spirochetes?
Ab
Immunization w/bacterin—but not available in US****
tick control
What causes severe dz in rheas? how is it spread?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
fecal oral
B hyodysenteriae, c/s, lesions, who is it more common in
Watery diarrhea, and die suddenly w/o c/s.
More common in young adults more than 6 mo old.
Lesions: necrotic typhilitis
What are the Ddx for B hyodysenteriae
Salmonella, clostridia, histomoniasis, and EEEV
What is the tx for B hyo and control?
Dimetridozole, lincomycin, erythromycin
control: No Vacc, only biosecurity
What are all the dz that clostridium causes?
Ulcerative enteritis
necrotitic enteritis
gangrenous dermatitis
botulism
yolk sac infections
What are the other names for botulism?
Limber neck
western duck sickness
What causes serious outbreaks in waterfowls?
C. Botulinum type C
What are the signs and lesions for C botulinum
weakness
incoordination of wing/neck due to paralysis of m
death in coma from resp failure
no lesions****
How do you dx botulism?
you grab some intestinal contents form the bird, and inject it into mice to see if the mice becomes paralyzed.
this demonstrates toxin
How do you tx botulism?
antitoxin
What is the etiology of infectious coryza?
Avibacterium paragallinarum serotype A,B,C
Who is the natural host for coryza?
transmission?
chicken
direct from infected and carrier birds
Who are least susceptible to coryza?
birds up to 10 wks
Is coryza important in the US?
yes!
If a chicken comes in with swelling of infraorbital sinuses, edema of face and closing of the eye?
Coryza
More chronic cases of coryza cause?
caseous pus in swollen wattles, open mouth breathing
How do you isolate coryza?
Sterilize the area beneath the eye and the corner of the break with a hot spatula, then a cut into the infra-orbital sinus, insert a bacteriological loop
How do you control coryza?
Depopulate in case of an outbreak
Vacc-formalin killed oil adjuvant vacc at 10-12 wks, then repeat after 4 wks, immunity only lasts 7-8 months
How is Mycobacterium Avium transmitted?
Feces
Oral
Which mycobacterium is a serious problem in zoos?
m tuberculosis
Progressive weight loss, atrophy of muscles, knife edge appearance of breast bone. Paralysis w/bone lesions, chronic diarrhea, anemia
Mycobacteriosis
Where are your lesions common in mycobact.
liver, spleen, intestines and bone marrow
what do the lesions look like in mycobact.
varying in size, irregular grayish yellow nodules w/caseous foci
What pathogen do you diagnose with an acid-fast stain. you should see bacilli in smears and sections
Mycobacteriosis
What kind of serology can you do with mycobacteriosis
Tuberculin test—inj in wattles
Whole blood agglutination test
How do you control mycobacteriosis?
Depopulate (+) flocks
never keep swine and chickens together
What are the chlamydiosis that cause dz in birds
Psittaci
Pneumonia
Felis
Caviae
Abortus
What are the virulence of chlamydiosis
Psittaci
Virulent strain: mostly from turkeys cause dz in man
Low virulence: from pigeons and ducks and other avian spp, slowly progressing epidemics
How is chlamydiosis spread?
Feces
nasal discharge
infection is through inhalation or ingestion of infected dust/excreta
In pigeons: parent to nestling feeding
Where are your lesions found in chlamydiosis
Lung, liver spleen and serous membranes
What are the c/s for chlaymdiosis
they vary w/age and host and pathogenicity of the strain
What are the c/s and lesions of chlamydiosis in turkeys?
If virulent: fever, gelatinous yellow green droppings. Liver and spleen enlarged, necrotic and fibrin coated. Fibrinous exudate on serous membranes. Pleural cavity contains fibrinous exudate. Swelling of head is nasal glands involved
What does chlamydiosis look like in ducks and geese
anorexic, unbalanced gait, green water feces. Serous or purulent discharge from eyes and nostrils. Lesions are similar to turkeys
Chlamydiosis in pigeons
also called parrot fever
conjunctivitis, swollen eyes and rhinitis. chronically affected pigeons show weakness. rattling sound.
Chlamydiosis in psittacines
Conjunctivitis, rhinits, diarrhea, polyuria, dyspneic, icterus. Less freq: leg weakness, parallysis and torticollis.
C/S wax and wane
How can you diagnose chlamydiosis
Isolation and ID of the organism and demonstrate rising Ab titers.
Tx and prevention/control of chlamydiosis
Tetracyclines in feed or water for 2 wks controls it. Pigeons require repetition of tx.
Withdraw tx 2 days prior to slaughter
BIOSECURITY: reportable. Quarantine is 45 days with tx
