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The Impact of War and defeat on Germany: 1939-1949 > Potsdam and establishment of the Soviet zone > Flashcards

Potsdam and establishment of the Soviet zone Flashcards

1
Q

What was agreed at Yalta?

A

‘Spheres of influence’
- Germany to be split into 4 zones

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2
Q

What were the 2 spheres?

A

Western Europe and US in one and East Europe in the other

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3
Q

When was Potsdam?

A

July 1945

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4
Q

What was agreed at Potsdam?

A
  • Germany to be demilitarised, denazified and democratised
  • Germans in Poland, Hungary etc sent back to Germany
  • Loss of land to Poland - Oder-Neisse line
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5
Q

What was Churchill’s western view?

A

‘Iron curtain’ - a physical division within Europe

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6
Q

What did Stalin respond with to Churchill?

A

Germans able to move freely, blamed it on East; he wants a buffer to protect country

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7
Q

What was the Domino theory?

A

Greece, Turkey then the rest of the world to fall to communism - resulted in Truman Doctrine

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8
Q

What was the modern revisionist viewpoint?

A

That the US stirred up the Cold War

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9
Q

How was the West democratized?

A
  • NSDAP disbanded
  • Parties encouraged to form at a more local level
  • Socialist party banned
  • Basic Law banned KPD
  • Military licence needed in each zone
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10
Q

Who led German communists?

A

Walter Ulbricht

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11
Q

When did communists arrive?

A

April 1945

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12
Q

What parties merged to form the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)?

A

Zentrum and Protestant

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13
Q

When were the Nuremberg War Trials?

A

November 1945-October 1946

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14
Q

What leading Nazi officials committed suicide?

A

Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels

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15
Q

What were the 4 crimes committed by the officials?

A
  1. Conspiracy to commit crimes alleged in other 3 counts - helping others to do so below:
  2. Crimes against peace
  3. War crimes
  4. Crimes against humanity
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16
Q

What was a ‘Fragebogen’ and why was it bad?

A

Questionnaire based on your participation with the Nazi party; open to lies and interpretation

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17
Q

What were former Nazis banned from?

A

Public office

18
Q

What were ‘Persil certificates’ and why were they bad?

A

Certificate of a clean political past; again open to lies and interpretation as given by friends

19
Q

How many were sentenced and executed?

A

4700 and 660

20
Q

What did the US do to save some Nazis from sentencing + example?

A

Used those who could help in Cold war e.g. Werner Von Braun created Saturn 5 - rocket to the moon

21
Q

What was operation ‘Odessa’?

A

Operation ran by SS and Roman Catholic church - smuggled Nazis into South America under new portfolio

22
Q

Where were Nazis in the East put?

A

Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen - terrible conditions

23
Q

What happened after 1947 in terms of denazification?

A

Nazi legacy downplayed, hidden behind ‘anti-facist- regime

24
Q

Why were Nazis downplayed?

A

To reduce risk of economic collapse, which led to the rise in the Nazi party in the first place

25
Q

What is monopoly capitalism?

A

When the state intervenes with large monopolies to protect them

26
Q

What was confiscated from former Nazis in Sep 1945 and what happened to it?

A

Land and property; redistributed to landless or taken into state ownership

27
Q

What happened to banks in 1945-46?

A

Nationalised by state or SAG (Soviet group of companies then handed to GDR

28
Q

What did the Soviets seize?

A

Equipment, machinery, engineers, scientists etc

29
Q

What was the first reason as to why allies fell out?

A

US order halt of deliveries of industrial goods to Soviets because food wasn’t being returned

30
Q

When and why did UK reintroduce rationing?

A

1946-47; in order to supply Germany with food

31
Q

What caused large scale famine in Germany?

A

1946-47 Winter

32
Q

What became a serious issue?

A

Hoarding of food and fuel

33
Q

What did the black market do?

A

Caused bartering of goods for other goods and services, money now worthless

34
Q

What class were better off?

A

Rural workers > industrial workers

35
Q

What was created in Jan 1947?

A

Bizonia

36
Q

What was Bizonia?

A

Merging of US and UK zones, France resisted

37
Q

When was Trizonia formed?

A

1949

38
Q

What currency introduced and what was it backed by?

A

Deutschmark and $

39
Q

What happened to the economy in the west?

A

Became unified (was unchanged)

40
Q

What did Soviets introduce in retaliation to new currency?

A

Ostmark

41
Q

What was the Marshall plan and when was it introduced?

A

A plan which meant the US provided economic assistance to reinstate Europe’s economic infrastructure and 1947

The Impact of War and defeat on Germany: 1939-1949 (5 decks)

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