Potential Questions For Test Flashcards
Female Reproductive System
GnRH in females:
Fertility and sexual reproduction are controlled in part by sex hormones. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in the hypothalamus. It regulates FSH and LH in the pituitary. What is the action of LH and FSH on the ovaries of females and testes of males
In females, LH acts to stimulate theca cells to release testosterone, which is then converted to estrogen by granolas cells
LH surge induces ovulation and formation of the corpus lute
Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone send feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus to suppress GnRH, FSH and LH.
Female Reproductive System
How eggs are released from ovaries
Fertility and sexual reproduction are controlled in part by sex hormones. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in the hypothalamus. It regulates FSH and LH in the pituitary. What is the action of LH and FSH on the ovaries of females and testes of males
In ovulating female, one follicle matures, becoming a graafian follicle which is released and this egg then travels to the fallopian tube. The granolas cells that formed the follicle now forms the corpus luteum (CL) which grows inside the ovary and produces progesterone and estrogen. If there is no fertilization, the CL regresses and if fertilization takes place, the CL continues to grow, providing progesterone and estrogen to support pregnancy.
3 developmental periods and major critical windows of vulnerability
Pre-embryonic (0-2 weeks)
Embryonic (2-8 weeks)
Fetal (8-40)
Critical window of vulnerability: exposure to toxicant will have different effects depending of period of development.
All or None response to teratogens
A teratogen is defined as any exposure that has a harmful fetal effect during pregnancy. It hypothesizes that if a woman is exposed to a teratogen during “pre-embryonic” period or from the time of conception through implantation, these results could result in miscarriage or reabsorption. Cells at this stage have the ability to repair and recover because they are undifferentiated, made possible through multiplication and replacement of damaged cells
What is e-waste and what are some general /major sources?
electronics (computer, phone, keyboard) which consist of precious metals, base and special metals, toxic/hazardous metals, halogens and organics.
No federal regulation and there are health problems associated with the disease from CAPs
Mercury Neurotoxicity
Minimata disease that occurred in Japan provides proof that mercury is a neurotoxicant. A case-control study revealed that those affected with the disease were more likely to have consumed fish from Minimata Bay. Ultimately, discharges of elemental mercury by the Chisso corporation were linked to the disease. Elementary mercury was converted to methyl mercury by microorganisms at the bottom of the bay and through the process of bioaccumulation, this highly lipid soluble molecule worked its way up the food chain into fish and then into people.
Do you think obesity is an epidemic? Why? What are the three health consequences of obesity, what are the explanations for the epidemic and what are three potential solutions to the problem?
Obesity is an epidemic because an annual risk factor survey performed by the CDC has shown that its incidence in each states has been increasing each year. The three health consequences of obesity are elevated blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and elevated risk for certain cancers. Three explanations for why the epidemic is increasing are: increase in the availability of unhealthy calorie dense food, serving size increase, sugary drink consumption increase and sedentary lifestyle and low FV consumption among poor people. Three potential solutions are to create a built environment where there is support for good nutritional and physical activity, design cities better so people walk more, and to have markets that sell healthy food like FV at affordable prices.
What are the steps of water treatment?
Aggregation: putting coagulants into water to attract impurities
Settlement: impurities plus coagulant settling on the bottom
Filtering: separate and filter out the impurities by using a funnel cone to separate from the bottom or by pumping air bubbles to get them to the surface and skim them off.
Chlorination (best solution): disinfectant that kills fecal coliforms and giardia.
There has been a big increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup as a sweetener, due to the high, inexpensive production of corn. What are the three problems that were described that make the use of excess fructose in our diets unhealthy
High fructose corn syrup is preferentially taken up by the GLUT receptor before glucose. This causes it to be converted into pyruvate, but it is converted into too much pyruvate so most of it goes into storage in the adipose tissue. 2 - Once processed, and especially heated, high fructose corn syrup does not taste as sweet, which causes us to use more of it. 3 - High fructose corn syrup does not cause the release of insulin like glucose does. This causes our hunger to not be satiated, and thus we keep eating/eat more.
Iron, folate and iodine are three micronutrients that are essential for good health. Describe one adverse health effect associated with deficiency of each of these micronutrients
Iron deficiency can cause anemia. Iodine deficiency can cause the formation of goiters. Folate deficiency can cause neural tube defects (like spina bifida) in fetuses.
Cholera is a disease cause by infection by Vibrio cholerae. Death arises as a consequence of diarrhea. What is the reason people die from diarrhea? What are three of the four steps that are recommended in treating diarrhea? What are three key steps to preventing diarrhea?
People die from diarrhea because of dehydration. Treatment of Diarrhea oral rehydration therapy (a combination of salt, clean water and sugar that replaces the water and electrolytes lost) consult with a heath care worker zinc supplementation Prevention of Diarrhea access to clean water high nutrient foods breastfeeding
Arsenic contaminated drinking water has been identified as a major health risk in several parts of the world. How might folate supplementation to the diet affect arsenic toxicity? In Bangladesh, what are two strategies that are being employed to reduce arsenic exposure?
Arsenic is removed from the body through methylation, which causes the arsenic to be excreted in the urine. Folate is a major source of methyl, which is necessary to methylate the arsenic. Therefore folate supplementation helps to get arsenic excreted from the body. In Bangladesh, well switching to non-arsenic contaminated wells and using deeper wells that don’t have access to arsenic laden water are two methods being used to reduce exposure.
Dealing with waste has been and remains a major public health concern. A new problem is e-waste. The majority of e-waste generated in the US is sent abroad. How is e-waste regulated? Name three of the toxic materials found in e-waste. What are two reasons that the WHO specifically identified this as a problem for children?
In the United States, there is no federal regulation of e-waste, but 25 states do have their own versions of e-waste regulation. Three toxic materials in e-waste lead mercury hazardous metals E-waste is specifically a problem for children because children are most often the ones to try to harvest the e-waste for the precious metals that are in them. Also the e-waste contains many hazardous chemicals in them, including toxic metals like mercury. These can most negatively affect children because they are more sensitive to harmful insults than adults. Grader Feedback: 1) Yes, there are very few state regulations, and e-waste is not federally regulated. 2) Correct, these are 3 examples of toxic materials in e-waste.
3) Correct, children are more vulnerable to exposure, and many times much of the industry is occurring in homes.
If you were doing a practicum abroad in a poor rural community and were given the job of helping a village put in a community well, what are three things you would implement in the design to minimize fecal contamination and contamination by other infectious agents?
Building defecation fields is not related to well design. You might also consider lining the well with concrete or building a pumping system or capping the well to reduce contamination.
Well must be dug into the ground well, use a liner dug in a stream bed, well must have a protecting wall to protect contaminants from entering, make sure its built on a slope and finally, a covered well is the best.
Piped water, placing well upstream of defecation fields and animal farms.
Air pollution is a major public health concern. Describe one
major epidemiologic study that supports a link between air pollution and adverse health effects.
The Harvard 6 cities study linked air pollution in 6 major cities to risk of death. It was first done looking at PM10 pollution. A clear dose response relationship was found between amount of pollution and risk of death. The study was then again repeated about 20 years later, but this timing using PM2.5. The amount of air pollution in general had decreased because in the 20 or so years between the two studies laws against air pollution had been enacted. However, even with the reduced amount of air pollution, the clear dose response relationship remained.
