Posture, Strength Testing, Grips

Question 1

Plumb line landmarks

Answer 1

Slightly posterior to coronal suture, external auditory meatus, odontoid process, midway through shoulder, through bodies of lumbar vertebrae, slightly posterior to hip joint, slightly anterior to axis of knee joint, slightly anterior to lateral malleolus, through calcaneocuboid joint

Question 2

No palpable muscle contraction

Answer 2

Zero 0/5

Question 3

Palpable contraction but no joint movement

Answer 3

Trace (1/5)

Question 4

Does not complete full ROM in gravity-eliminated position

Answer 4

Poor minus (2-/5)

Question 5

Full ROM in gravity-eliminated position

Answer 5

Poor (2/5)

Question 6

Able to initiate motion against gravity

Answer 6

Poor plus (2+/5)

Question 7

Able to perform more than half ROM against gravity

Answer 7

Fair minus (3-/5)

Question 8

Able to complete full ROM against gravity

Answer 8

Fair (3/5)

Question 9

Able to hold against minimal resistance

Answer 9

Fair plus (3+/5)

Question 10

Able to hold against min-mod resistance

Answer 10

Good minus (4-/5)

Question 11

Able to hold against mod resistance

Answer 11

Good (4/5)

Question 12

Able to hold against mod-max resistance

Answer 12

Good plus (4+/5)

Question 13

Able to hold against max resistance

Answer 13

Normal (5/5)

Question 14

Active muscle insufficiency

Answer 14

Occurs when a multi-joint muscle reaches a length (shortened) where it can no longer apply an effective force.

Question 15

Passive muscle insufficiency

Answer 15

The inability of a multi-joint muscle to lengthen to a degree that allows full range of motion of all the joints it crosses simultaneously.

Question 16

Stages of Gripping

Answer 16

Hand opens fully, which requires activation of wrist and finger extensor musculature and hand intrinsics
Fingers position around object and close to grasp, which requires finger flexor musculature and hand intrinsics
Force of grasp modified based on the shape, weight, fragility, and surface characteristics of object
Object released by opening by hand, which requires extensor muscular activation

Question 17

Power grip

Answer 17

Wrist in ulnar deviation and slight extension.

Types are cylindrical, fist, spherical, hook.

Question 18

Precision grip

Answer 18

Types are digital prehension grip/3-fingered pinch (pencil grip), lateral prehension grip (key grip), tip prehension grip (tip pinch)

Question 19

Handheld Dynamometry

Answer 19

Measures grip strength.

Dominant hand is usually 5-10 lbs greater than non-dominant grip strength.

Question 20

Isometric dynamometry

Answer 20

Used to measure static strength of extremities through isometric contraction. Extremity is restrained through or stabilized with verbal instruction.

Question 21

Isokinetic dynamometry

Answer 21

Device will alter resistance to maintain a constant speed. Muscle will maximally contract through motion.