Posture, Strength Testing, Grips Flashcards
Plumb line landmarks
Slightly posterior to coronal suture, external auditory meatus, odontoid process, midway through shoulder, through bodies of lumbar vertebrae, slightly posterior to hip joint, slightly anterior to axis of knee joint, slightly anterior to lateral malleolus, through calcaneocuboid joint
No palpable muscle contraction
Zero 0/5
Palpable contraction but no joint movement
Trace (1/5)
Does not complete full ROM in gravity-eliminated position
Poor minus (2-/5)
Full ROM in gravity-eliminated position
Poor (2/5)
Able to initiate motion against gravity
Poor plus (2+/5)
Able to perform more than half ROM against gravity
Fair minus (3-/5)
Able to complete full ROM against gravity
Fair (3/5)
Able to hold against minimal resistance
Fair plus (3+/5)
Able to hold against min-mod resistance
Good minus (4-/5)
Able to hold against mod resistance
Good (4/5)
Able to hold against mod-max resistance
Good plus (4+/5)
Able to hold against max resistance
Normal (5/5)
Active muscle insufficiency
Occurs when a multi-joint muscle reaches a length (shortened) where it can no longer apply an effective force.
Passive muscle insufficiency
The inability of a multi-joint muscle to lengthen to a degree that allows full range of motion of all the joints it crosses simultaneously.
Stages of Gripping
Hand opens fully, which requires activation of wrist and finger extensor musculature and hand intrinsics
Fingers position around object and close to grasp, which requires finger flexor musculature and hand intrinsics
Force of grasp modified based on the shape, weight, fragility, and surface characteristics of object
Object released by opening by hand, which requires extensor muscular activation
Power grip
Wrist in ulnar deviation and slight extension.
Types are cylindrical, fist, spherical, hook.
Precision grip
Types are digital prehension grip/3-fingered pinch (pencil grip), lateral prehension grip (key grip), tip prehension grip (tip pinch)
Handheld Dynamometry
Measures grip strength.
Dominant hand is usually 5-10 lbs greater than non-dominant grip strength.
Isometric dynamometry
Used to measure static strength of extremities through isometric contraction. Extremity is restrained through or stabilized with verbal instruction.
Isokinetic dynamometry
Device will alter resistance to maintain a constant speed. Muscle will maximally contract through motion.
