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Y2 DEV and Ageing > Postnatal and Child Development > Flashcards

Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four sections of the developing brain at four weeks?

A

future forebrain (prosencephalon)
future midbrain (mesencephalon)
future hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
future spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the 3 flexures of the developing brain at four weeks?

A

cephalic flexure
pontine flexure
cervical flexure

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3
Q

what happens to the developing brain at 5 weeks?

A

reshaping of embryo into: telencephalon
diencephalon
pons
medulla

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4
Q

what happens to the developing brain at 8 weeks?

A

development of the ventricular system
hemisphere development
cerebellum development

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5
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association cortex?

A

Executive function and concentration

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6
Q

In which cortex is their an abnormality resulting in ADHD?

A

prefrontal association area

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7
Q

The anterior section of grey matter of the spinal cord houses what type of neurones? how are these divided?

A

motor neurones
Flexors anterior, proximal medial, distal lateral, extensors posterior

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8
Q

The pyramidal tracts supply which nerves in the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Sacral lumbar, thoracic and cervical

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9
Q

The extrapyramidal tracts are responsible for what?

A

Coordination of movements, regulation of posture and balance

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10
Q

When looking at primitive reflexes in small infants, what are the most important motor tracts to investigate?

A

Extrapyramidal

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11
Q

What are the 5 components of the reflex arc?

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neurone
  3. Integrating centre
  4. Motor neurone
  5. Effector
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12
Q

What part of the spine do the sensory receptor stimulus move to the sensory neurones?

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

What is the morro reflex?

A

Babies neck suddenly extended and the arms abduct and then adduct

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14
Q

when should the morro reflex be present?

A

Develops around 28 to 32 weeks gestation and should disappear between three and six months

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15
Q

The persistence of primitive reflexes can be a sign of____

A

Impaired development

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16
Q

What occurs in the standing reflex?

A

Extension of lower extremities, hips slightly flexed

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17
Q

When is the standing reflex present?

A

Newborn at three months

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18
Q

What happens in the grasp reflex?

A

Object placed in the palm of the hand of the newborn and the fingers grasp very tightly

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19
Q

When should the grasp reflex stop being present?

A

6-9mnths

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20
Q

What is the parachute reflex?

A

Baby placed in forward tilting position and protects themselves with outstretched arms

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21
Q

When should the parachute reflex become present

A

Around 6-9 months

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22
Q

What is development?

A

Global impression of a child encompassing: growth, an increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour.

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23
Q

When is child development assessed?

A

Opportunistically and as part of programme of reviews

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24
Q

What are the four domains of child development assessment?

A

Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
Social skills
Speech and language skills

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25
Q

What is assessed in the gross motor skills domain of child development?

A

Position, head lag, sitting, walking, running

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26
Q

What is assessed in the fine motor skills domain of child assessment?

A

Use of hands, grasp and fine pincer, bricks, crayon, puzzles

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27
Q

What is assessed in the social skills domain of child development?

A

Social interaction, stranger reaction, eating skills, dressing

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28
Q

What is assessed in the speech and language skills domain of child development?

A

Vocalisation, words, understanding, imaginative play

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29
Q

At what age do you expect to see babies starting to roll (sidelying)?

A

3months

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30
Q

and what age do you expect babies to start crawling?

A

8-9months

31
Q

At what age do you expect babies to start cruising around furniture?

A

10 months

32
Q

At what age would you expect to see a baby standing independently?

A

1 year

33
Q

At what age would you expect an immature grip of pencil/ random scribble?

A

15-18 months

34
Q

At what age do you expect a mature pincer grip?

A

10 months

35
Q

what stage of gross motor development is the newborn expected to show?

A

Limited flexed, symmetrical posture, marked head lag on pulling up

36
Q

What stage of vision and fine motor development is a baby expected to show at 6 weeks?

A

Follows object by turning head

37
Q

At what age would you expect a child to be able to draw?

A

2 and a half years

38
Q

What stage of hearing, speech and language is expected to be shown in the newborn?

A

Startles to loud noises

39
Q

At what age would you expect a polysyllabic babble?

A

7-10 months

40
Q

At what age do we expect a baby to sit without support?

A

7 months

41
Q

At what age do we expect a baby to say 1-2- words and understand their own name?

A

1 year

42
Q

At what age do we expect a baby to be able to say 6-10 words and point to 4 body parts?

A

15-18 months

43
Q

BY what age would we expect smiling?

A

6 weeks

44
Q

From what age do we expect drinking from a cup?

A

1 year

45
Q

From what age do we expect starting to feed self with spoon?

A

15-18months

46
Q

What are limit ages?

A

Traffic light system warning parents and healthcare professionals when a child has not reached a milestone

47
Q

What patterns in development suggest abnormal development?

A

Slow but steady
Plateau
Regression

48
Q

What is the limit age for head control?

A

4 months

49
Q

what is the limit ag3 for sitting unsupported?

A

9 months

50
Q

What is the limit age for standing independently?>

A

12 months

51
Q

What is the limit age for walking independently?

A

18 months

52
Q

Outline the five steps of gross motor development?

A

Acquisition of tone and head control,
primitive reflexes disappear,
locomotor patterns,
Standing walking and running,
Hopping, jumping and peddling

53
Q

What abnormal motor development is associated with cerebral palsy?

A

Slowed developmental milestones
Hyperreflexia and hypertonia
Stiff limbs and asymmetry
Crossed legs
Poor coordination

54
Q

What causes the hyperreflexia and hypertonia seen in abnormal motor development due to cerebral palsy?

A

Lack of inhibition by corticospinal neurons

55
Q

What are the limit ages for vision and fine motor development?

A

Fixes and follows visually - 3 months
Reaches for objects - 6 months
Transfers objects - 9 months
Pincer grip - 10 months

56
Q

What are the limit ages for hearing, speech and language development?

A

Polysyllabic babble - 7 months
Consonant babble - 10 months
Saying 6 words with meaning - 18 months
Joining words - 2 years
3-word sentences - 2 n a half years

57
Q

What are the 4 steps for gross vision and fine motor development?

A

Visual alertness, fixing and following
Grasp reflex, hand regard
Voluntary grasping, pincer, points
Handles objects with both hands, transfers from hand to hand
Writing, cutting and dressing

58
Q

What are the limit ages for social, emotional and behavioural development?

A

Smiles - 8 weeks
Fear of strangers - 10 months
Feeds self - 18 months
Symbolic play - 2 to 2 and a half years
Interactive play - 3 to 3 and a half years

59
Q

Outline the six steps of gross social, behavioural and emotional development?

A

Smiling, socially responsive,
Separation anxiety
Self-help skills, feeding, toileting
Peer group relationships
Symbolic play
Social behaviour

60
Q

Outline the five steps of gross hearing, speech and language development?

A

Sound recognition and vocalisation
Babbling
Single words, understands simple requests
Joining words and phrases
Simple and complex conversation

61
Q

What are the three key components of the healthy child programme?

A

Screening
General examination and immunisation
Health education/ promotion

62
Q

What are the prenatal causes of developmental impairments?

A

Nutrition e.g. folate for spinal cord
Drugs e.g. amino-glycosides can affects hearing

63
Q

What are the perinatal causes of developmental impairments?

A

Delivery can be traumatic
Oxygen deprivation

64
Q

What are the post natal causes of developmental impairments?

A

Trauma
Meningitis

65
Q

Outline the approach to developmental assessment?

A

Ask, observe, task

66
Q

When evaluating child development what do we consider in the history?

A

Parental concern
Birth history
Family history
Current skills and developmental history

67
Q

When evaluating a child with abnormal development, what is included in the examination?

A

Developmental assessment and general and neurological examination
Morphology
Investigations - as appropriate

68
Q

What four factors influence developmental delay?

A

Ill health
Lack of physical/ physiological stimuli
Sensory/ motor impairment - visual impairment can delay fine motor development
Reduced inherent potential

69
Q

What are the 2 categories and their subcategories of developmental delay?

A

Global and specific
Specific : language, motor, sensory, cognitive

70
Q

What are the five causes of global delay?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities
Metabolic
Antenatal and perinatal factors - infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia
Environmental-social issues
Chronic illness

71
Q

What are the 8 causes of motor delay?

A

Cerebral palsy
Global delay - downs
Congenital dislocation hip
Social deprivation
Muscular dystrophy
Neural tube defects
Hydrocephalus
Corticospinal tract injury

72
Q

What is the most common cause of motor delay?

A

Social deprivation

73
Q

What are the six causes of language delay?

A

Hearing loss
Learning disability
Autism
Lack of stimulation
Impaired comprehension of language
Impaired speech production

74
Q

List 4 commonly used assessment tools for child development?

A

Schedule of growing skills 2
Griffiths developmental scale
Bailey developmental scale
Denver developmental screening tests

Y2 DEV and Ageing (3 decks)

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