Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards
Prefrontal association area
Executive function and concentration
Area affected with ADHD
Primary motor cortex
Supply nerves to muscle
Primary somatic sensory cortex
Receive impulses from periphery
Occipital lobe
Vision
Temporal lobe
Auditory sensation and speech
Primitive reflexes
Morrow reflex 28-32 weeks
Standing reflex 3 months
Grasp reflex 6-9 months
Parachute reflex 6-9 months
Persistence of primitive reflexes may be impaired development
Domains of development
Speech and language
Gross motor
Social
Fine motor
Development
Global impression of a child encompassing growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour. Endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society.
Gross motor at 6-8 weeks
Raises head to 45 degrees in prone
Gross motor at 6-8 months
Sits without support
6 - round back
8 - straight back
Gross motor at 3-5 months
Begin to roll
Gross motor at 8-9 months
Crawling
Gross motor at 10 months
Pull up to furniture
Gross motor at 12 months
Walks unsteadily, broad gait, hands apart
Gross motor at 15 months
Steady walk
Fine motor at 6 weeks
Follows movement by turning head
Fine motor at 4 months
Reaches out for toys
Fine motor at 4-6 months
Palmar grasp
Fine motor at 7 months
Transfer object from one hand to other
Fine motor at 10 months
Mature pincer grip
Fine motor at 16-18 months
Makes marks with crayon
Fine motor at 14 months - 4 years
Building blocks
Fine motor at 2-5 years
Can draw without seeing how it is done
Can copy
Speech at newborn
Startles to loud noise
Speech at 3-4 months
Vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs
Speech at 7 months
Turn to soft sounds out of sight
Speech at 7-10 months
7 months - sounds used indiscriminately
10 months - sounds used indiscriminately to parents
Speech at 12 months
Two to three words other than dada or mama
Speech at 18 months
6-10 words. Show two parts of body
Speech at 20-24 months
Use two or more words to make simple phrases
Speech at 2.5 - 3 years
Talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences
Behaviour at 18 months
Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
Behaviour at 18-24 months
Symbolic play
Behaviour at 6 weeks
Smiles responsively
Behaviour at 6-8 months
Puts food in mouth
Behaviour at 10-12 months
Waves bye bye, plays peek a boo
Behaviour at 12 months
Drinks from a cup with two hands
Behaviour at 2 years
Dry by day
Pulls off some clothing
Behaviour at 2.5 - 3 years
Parallel play
Interactive play evolving
Takes turns
Healthy child programme
Screening
Immunisation
Child health reviews
Health promotion
Factors of development
Folate - spinal development
Iron - cofactor for brain development
Oxygen deprivation
Evaluating abnormal development
History
- parental concern
- birth history
- family history
PMHX
- developmental history
- current skills
Examination
- developmental assessment + general and neurological
- investigations
Approach to developmental assessment
Ask
Observe
Task
Assess milestones proceeding age, expected milestones for age, next important milestones
Factors influencing developmental delay
Ill health
Lack of physical or psychological stimuli
Sensory/motor impairment
Reduced inherent potential
Causes of global delay
Chromosomal abnormalities (Down’s syndrome)
Metabolic (hypothyroidism)
Antenatal and perinatal (infections, drugs, toxins)
Environmental social
Chronic illness
Causes of motor delay
Cerebral palsy
Global delay
Congenital dislocation hip
Social deprivation
Spina bifida
Causes of language delay
Hearing loss
Learning disability
Lack of stimulation
Autism
