postnatal and child development Flashcards
what are the sections of the developing brain in the embryo that can be seen by the 4th week?
from the 4th week
can be seen from the dorsal view:
future forebrain (prosencephalon)
future midbrain (mesencephalon)
future hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
future spinal cord
from the side view:
cephalic flexure
pontine flexure
cervical flexure
what are the sections of the developing brain in the embryo that can be seen by the 5th week?
telencephalon (beginning of cerebral hemispheres)
diencephalon (beginning of the bits inside the cerebral hemispheres)
pons
medulla
what are the sections of the developing brain in the embryo that can be seen by the 8th week?
developing hemispheres
with lateral ventricles inside
also third and fourth ventricles
aqueduct
developing cerebellum (in hindbrain)
what is the moro reflex?
occurs when the baby’s head is suddenly extended
the arms then abduct and then adduct
this develops around 28-32 weeks gestation
should disappear between 3 and 6 months
persistence if primitive reflexes can be a sign of impaired development
what is the standing reflex?
on weight bearing the lower extremities are extended, the hips are slightly flexed and just behind the shoulders, head is free to turn
present at 3 moths
what is the grasp reflex?
what an object is placed in the palm of the hand of the newborn, the finger grasp it
stroking the side of the hand then open the hand again
these reflexes are replaced at about 6-9 months with voluntary movement of the hand as part of of fine motor development
what are parachute reflexes?
baby is placed in the forward tilting position and it puts its arms down to protect themselves
also happens if you tilt them to the side
what are some primitive reflexes?
moro reflex
standing reflex
grasp reflex
parachute reflex
what is development?
Global impression of a child encompassing: growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behavior
Endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
who and when observes development?
Who? Parents All doctors Nursery nurses Teachers
When ?
Opportunistically
Planned as part of programme of reviews
what are the four domains of child development?
gross motor skills: position head lag sitting walking running
fine motor skills: use of hands grasp and fine pincer bricks crayon puzzles
social skills: social interaction stranger reaction eating skills dressing
speech and language skills: vocalisation words understanding imaginative play
what is gross motor development like in newborns?
on laying down the baby will have limited flexed and symmetrical posture
when lifted up there will be marked head lag, due to lack of maturity of the neck muscles
by three moths old, the head will lift with the body
at 6-8 weeks, babies can’t really sit up
by 6 months they can sit but with a rounded back
by 8 months they can sit with a straighter back
around 3-5 months babies start being able to roll
around 8-9 month babies start to crawl
around 10 months they start lifting themselves up on furniture
12 months: walks unsteadily, broad gait, hands apart
15 months: walks steadily
there are variations though. some babies commando crawl then walk, some all fours crawl then walk, some bum shuffle then walk
what is vision and fine motor development like in newborns?
they often go together as to move your hands around with purpose you need to be able to use your eyes to see what to follow
6 weeks:
follows moving objects or face by turning the head
4 months:
reaches out for toys
4-6 moths:
palmar grasp
crude, all rasping done as one piece (inferior grasp, holds with the whole hand)
7 months;
transfers toys fro one hand to another
10 months:
mature pincer grip (eg holding a grape)
16-18 months:
makes marks with a crayon
14 moths - 4 years:
can do more
more complex stacking of bricks etc
2-5 years:
can draw progressively more complex things (line, circle, cross, square, triangle)
what is hearing, speech and language development like in newborns?
newborn:
startles to loud noises
3-4 months:
vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos or laughs
7 months:
turns to soft sounds out of sight
7-10 months:
dada, mama. sounds used indiscriminately
1 month, sounds used discriminately to parents
(children with hearing impairments make much more monotone sounds)
12-18 months:
2-3 words other than mama/dada
18 months;
6-10 words, shows parts of the body
20-24 months:
uses two or more words to make simple phrases
2.5-3 years:
talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences
how does social, emotional and behavioural development change as a newborn grows?
feeding
6-8 months:
puts food in mouth
18 months:
holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
18-24 months: symbolic play (eg. tea parties)
social
6 weeks:
smiles responsively
10-12 months:
waves bye bye and plays peek a boo
12 months:
drinks from a cup with two hands
2.5-3 years:
parallel play, interactive play evolving, takes turns
potty training
2 years:
dry by day, pulls off some clothing
