Post WWI Treaties

Question 1

Treaty of Versailles? - Terms of Treaty

Answer 1

• Germany was not allowed to negotiate and was forced to sign.
• Germany had to pay reparations to allies for war damage. Amount agreed - $40 billion, 700 billion.
• “War Guilt” clause 231 placed full responsibility for war on Germany and its allies.
• Economic measures included: trains and machinery sent to Belgium and France, coal deliveries for several years to Belgium and Italy and indefinitely to France.
• Germany lost over 100 00 sq km of territory and 7 million people
• Destruction of German militarism - Germany army limited to 100 000, denied tanks and heavy artillery, no airforce or submarines - only allowed 6 major Naval vessels
• Germany was not admitted to the league of nations until 1926

Question 2

Treaty of Versailles? - Geographical Impact

Answer 2

• Germany lost colonies - handed to allied powers as mandates.
• Alsace Lorraine given to France
• Northern Schleswig given to Denmark
• West Prussia given to Poland
• Danzig city given to the league of nations
• Saarland (rich coal mining area) given to France for 15 years
• The Rhineland (industrial area) became a demilitarised zone, rearmenent
• Sudnatendland - czechlosvakia

Question 3

TOV? - Political Impact

Answer 3

• Germany lost 13% of land and 12% of population - this caused political allegiances to be polarised:
• Left wing - Jan 1919 Sparticist Uprising
• Right Wing - March 1920 Kapp Putch
• Loss of faith in democratic leaders - Kaiser forced to abdicate new democratic govt imposed on Germany (signed treaty “November Criminals”) - blamed Jews, capitalists, communists

Question 4

TOV? - Social and economic Impact

Answer 4

• Meat consumption dropped 88% from pre war levels
• Agricultural production dropped 16%
• 48% of iron ore lost, 26% coal resources lost
• The Deutsche Mark lost 75% of its value during WWI - post WWI hyperinflation begun
• Post WWI = 50 000 deaths to starvation or hyperthermia

Question 5

Post WWI Treaties?

Answer 5

• The Treaty of Versailles - With Germany 28 June 1919
• The Treaty of St Germain - with Austria 10 September 1919
• The Treaty of Neuilly - with Bulgaria on 27 November 1919
• The Treaty of Trianon - with Hungary on 4 June 1920
• The Treaty of Serves - with Turkey 10 August 1920, The Treaty of Lausanne - with Turkey 23 July 1923

Question 6

Treaties with Germanys Allies (St Germaine, Neuilly, Trianon)?

Answer 6

• Austria became a small country of 7 milllion.
• Anschluss with Germany was forbidden.
• Austrias army cut to 30 000 and its navy reduced to few Danube patrol boats.
• Bukovinia went to Romania
• Bulgaria lost Western Thrace to Greece and other countries
• Bulgarias army limited to 20 000
• Hungary became a small states, Croatia handed to yugoslavia.
• Hungarys army limited to 35 000

Question 7

Treaty of Serve?

Answer 7

• 10 August 1920 Sultans regime signed
• Limited Sultans army to 50 000 restrictions on navy
• Financial affairs placed under allied control
• The Sykes - Picot agreement 1916 predetermined the fate of Ottoman empire Middle east possession - Britain take Palestine and Iraq as mandates, France would take Syria and Lebanon.
• Zones of influence in Turkey granted to Italy, Greece and France.
• Treaty invalidated as Revolution in Turkey, Mustapha Kemals forces gained control of country, demanded rewriting of treaty = Treaty of Lausanne.

Question 8

Treaty of Lausanne?

Answer 8

• signed 23 July 1923
• Turkey retained Anatolia, Constantinople and Eastern Thrace
• No limits placed on Turkeys military did not pay reparations.

Question 9

Consequence’s of Treaties - political Geography

Answer 9

• Disappearance of four European empires (Hohenzollern Empire of Germany, Hhaspberg Empire of Austria Hungary, The Romanov empire of Russia and Ottoman Empire)
• Appearance of a host of new countries across Europe: Finland, Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
• Post 1919 produced a brand new map of Europe e.g. Germany was smaller and split in two, polish corridor split off east Prussia.
• Creation of League of nations
• Discontented minorities
• Humiliated Germany, excluded Russia
• disappearance of a stable balence of power

Question 10

Consequnces of Peace treaties? - Beyond Europe

Answer 10

• European nations indebted to US
• US grabbed many of Britain and France oversea markets whilst struggling with life and death in Germany.
• US lost 100 000 but no land harm
• Wilsons democratic party had lost control of the senates November 1918, senate refused to ratify the treaty of versailles US never joined League of nations
• Japans bombing pearl harbour in December 1941 forced them into WWII
• Japan was accepted as a major power at the Paris Peace conference.
• Japan asserted increasing control over China.
• Was able to take over some Asian markets formerly dominated by Britain and France.
• Japan gained mandates over Germanys former north pacific colonies - the Caroline, Marshall and Mariana islands