Post War Challenges To The Liberal State

Question 1

Why was the USA’s focus on national self determination an issue for Italy?

Answer 1

It meant they couldn’t gain German-speaking lands eg Yrol and Slav speaking lands in Dalmatia and Fiume which had Croat and Italian speakers.

Question 2

What territory did Italy gain?

Answer 2

Trentino, Trieste and Istria etc

Question 3

Which area was given which hadn’t been in. The Treaty of London?

Answer 3

Dalmatia

Question 4

Which organisation was Italy allowed to take part in?

Answer 4

the League of Nations

Question 5

Which areas did Italy not gain?

Answer 5

African colonies and Fiume

Question 6

How much land had Italy actually gained?

Answer 6

14,500 square kilometres

Question 7

What was the mutilated victory?

Answer 7

Described perceived mistreatment of Italy by the allies eg due to not gaining Fiume and previously German African colonies

Question 8

Why did Italy want Fiume?

Answer 8

• Italy wanted it due to being an Adriatic Port and having a 50% Italian speaking population, an issue raised by Orlando in 1919 when negotiating wi the Allies

Question 9

Why was Italy not granted Fiume?

Answer 9

Hadn’t been promised in the Treaty of London, Wilson refused, leading to national backlash against Orlando.

Question 10

When did d’Annunzio occupy Fiume?

Answer 10

September 1919- December 1920 (15 months)

Question 11

What happened during D’ANnunzio’s occupation?

Answer 11

Led 2,000 soldiers. Introduced elements of later Fascist regime eg the militia, Roman Salute, castor oil punishment, title of Duce, black shirts no flamboyant public speeches. Became a national hero.

Question 12

When were agreements reached with Yugoslavia for the port of Fiume to become neutral?

Answer 12

November 1920, in December 1920 the army was sent in to remove D’Annunzio. this was known as ‘bloody Christmas’

Question 13

What was the significance of he occupation of Fiume?

Answer 13

Showed weakness of the government as it took 15 months to remove D’Annunzio (showed violence was effective against them). Also showed the Allies that they weren’t willing to intervene with illegal actions. Finally, many Italians saw Giolitti as anti-patriotic for forcing them out. Led to less support for liberal government.

Question 14

What period did Italy face serve economic problems during?

Answer 14

1919-22

Question 15

What did the cost of living index rise by from 1914 to 1918?

Answer 15

From 100 to 264

Question 16

What policy led to many companies going bankrupt in 1919?

Answer 16

The government recalled war loans to companies and returned to a free market economy in an attempt to reduce national debt

Question 17

What was unemployment by November 1919?

Answer 17

2 million

Question 18

Why did the middle class become disillusioned with the government?

Answer 18

Savings lost by inflation

Question 19

When was the Bienno Rossi and what was it?

Answer 19

1919-20, huge increase in strikes and work stoppages.

Question 20

How many urban and agricultural workers were involved in ilitancy by 1920?

Answer 20

Over 2,300,000

Question 21

What was the occupation of the factories, September 1920?

Answer 21

400,000 workers took over their factories

Question 22

Membership of trades unions increased dramatically. What were some of the trades unions?

Answer 22

GCL (socialist), CIL (Catholic union) etc