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Introduction to Genetics & Biochemistry > Post-Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Post-Transcription & Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Which is the ONLY type of RNA which code for proteins?

A

mRNA.

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2
Q

Given that only mRNA codes for proteins, where are the other classes of RNA derived from?

A

Non-coding DNA.

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3
Q

Which polymerase transcribes most rRNA?

A

Polymerase I.

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4
Q

Which polymerase transcribes mRNA?

A

Polymerase II.

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5
Q

Which polymerase transcribes tRNA (and some small rRNA)?

A

Polymerase III.

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6
Q

What % of the human genome is made up of non-coding DNA?

A

98%!

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7
Q

What % of the prokaryotic genome of made up of non-coding DNA?

A

10%.

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8
Q

Name the fundamental mechanism of gene regulation, common to all eukaryotes:

Small fragments of RNA of the gene to be suppressed are produced and a cellular mechanism which destroys any complimentary RNA is induced.

A

Post-transcriptional gene silencing.

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9
Q

How does post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) regulate gene expression?

A

PTGS triggers production of small RNA fragments of the gene to be suppressed and induces a cellular mechanism to destroy any complimentary RNA.

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10
Q

True or false? PTGS is only found in mammals.

A

False. PTGS is common to ALL eukaryotes.

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11
Q

Give an example of how PTGS has been used in transgenic plant research.

A

PTGS has been used to switch off the gene for polygalacturonase, an enzyme which softens the cell wall of tomatoes. This is good for making tomato puree because the tomatoes can be left on the vine for longer.

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12
Q

To make a transgenic plant or animal, a ………………. is inserted into the ……….. genome (plant or animal).

A

Construct, host.

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13
Q

True or false? PTGS is only done artificially in transgenetic research.

A

False. PTGS is a natural mechanism of genetic regulation which provides a further layer of control beyond transcriptional regulation.

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14
Q

If mRNA is the only RNA that encodes for proteins, how can the rest of the RNA be described?

A

ncRNA - non-conding RNA.

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15
Q

There are five subtypes of non-coding RNA - name them.

A

Ribosomsal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA).

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16
Q

Of the subtypes of non-coding RNA, which are involved in gene regulation?

A

miRNA.

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17
Q

There are two types of miRNA:

  1. RNA with a role in developmental timing.
  2. Active molecules in RNA interference.

What are they called?

A
  1. Small temporal RNA (stRNA).
  2. Small interfering RNA (siRNA).
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18
Q

What is the major function of tRNA?

A

Decoding the genetic code.

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19
Q

What three things are required for translation to take place?

A
  1. mRNA.
  2. Ribosomes.
  3. Pool of tRNA for all the amino acids.
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20
Q

What can be described a:

‘large RNA / protein complexes that carry out reactions to make proteins from the mRNA template’?

A

Ribosomes.

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21
Q

tRNA not only decodes genetic instructions, it ensures that amino acids are ………………………. .

A

In the correct order.

22
Q

What does the anticodon of tRNA base pair with in translation?

A

The corresponding mRNA codon.

23
Q

What does the codon of mRNA base pair with in translation?

A

The corresponding tRNA anticodon.

24
Q

What do tRNAs need to catalyse the process of making proteins?

A

Ribosomes.

25
Q

In Svedbergs, what is the size of the ribosomal subunits?

A

60S and 40S.

26
Q

Ribosomes are a complex of proteins and what type of RNA molecules?

A

rRNA.

27
Q

True or false? There can only be one ribosome on a single mRNA.

A

False. There can be multiple ribosomes on a single mRNA.

28
Q

What does UTR stand for in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

UnTrnaslated Region.

29
Q

tRNA can be described as having a structure like what shape?

A

A clover leaf.

30
Q

tRNA has four arms (and sometimes one extra, whch varies in size). Name the two important ones.

A
  1. Acceptor / amino acyl arm.
  2. Anticodon arm.
31
Q

What is the function of the acceptor / amino acyl arm of tRNA?

A

Amino acids are attached to the acceptor / amino acyl arm.

32
Q

What is the function of the anticodon arm of tRNA?

A

The anticodon arm carries the anticodon, the three nucleotides which are complementary to the codon for the amino acid.

33
Q

If tRNA is a four-arm clover leaf structure, where are the acceptor / amino acyl arm and the anticodon arm positioned in related to one another?

A

Opoosite each other.

34
Q

Where does translation take place in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytosol.

35
Q

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the cytosol.

36
Q

True or false? The structure of the 5’ untranslated region of eukaryotic RNA is simple and the same for every sequence.

A

False. The structure of the 5’ UTR is complex and unique for every sequence, dependent on the structure of the 5’ UTR.

37
Q

What is formed in the eukaryotic initiation complex, which involves many initiation factors (eIFs)?

A

Ribosomes.

38
Q

Translocation is a key part of translation - what is happening?

A

tRNAs charged with anticodons bring them to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain with a peptide bond.

39
Q

Are new tRNAs made to bring each new amino acid into the ribosome to form a new polypeptide chain, or are they recycled and recharged with new amino acids?

A

They are recycled and recharged with a new amino acid rather than being made afresh.

40
Q

What are the three termination codons found at the end of every protein-coding sequence?

A

UAA, UAG and UGA.

41
Q

Does tRNA recognise stop codons?

A

No.

42
Q

What are the proteins called that bind and promote release of the mRNA from the ribosome - thus ending translation?

A

Release factors.

43
Q

What happens to the ribosome at the end of translation?

A

It falls apart.

44
Q

Is controlling translation a slow or fast way to control gene expression?

A

Controlling translation is a rapid way of controlling gene expression.

45
Q

Give an example of when altering the rate of translation and therefore protein production is useful.

A

If a lot of protein is required in a cell.

46
Q

Proteome is…

A

The total content of protein in a cell.

47
Q

…………… control of ………….. provides a rapid mechanism of shaping the proteome.

A

Selective, rapid.

48
Q

True or false? mRNA can be stored for future use.

A

True. For example in drosophila oocytes to be released on fermentation.

49
Q

One mechanism of regulating the rate of ……………. is by altering the structure of the 5’ UTR.

A

Translation.

50
Q

A mechanism of regulating translation is by preventing the unwinding of the secondary structure of ………… .

A

The 5’ UTR.

51
Q

What happens if the 5’ cap and the 3’ poly A tail are missing from mRNA?

A

Translation is not initiated. The mRNA is removed from the cell.

Introduction to Genetics & Biochemistry (9 decks)

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