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1B Development & Ageing > Post-natal child development > Flashcards

Post-natal child development Flashcards

1
Q

what are these parts on a dorsal view of the embryo at 4 weeks?

A
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2
Q

what are the flexures at 4 weeks of an embryo?

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3
Q

what are the parts of the developing brain at 5 weeks?

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4
Q

what are the parts of the developing brain at 8 weeks?

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5
Q

how do the parts of the brain develop over time?

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6
Q

what are the different functions of the cerebral cortex?

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7
Q

what is the difference between primary cortices and association cortices?

A

association cortices:

  • function less predictable

not organised topographically

left-right symmetry weak or absent

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8
Q

where is the alpha motor neuron located?

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9
Q

what do the pyramidal tracts do and where are they located?

A
  • Organised in 1a and 1b
  • Control voluntary movements
  • Supply: sacral, lumbar, thoracic and cervical nerves in the lateral corticospinal tract
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10
Q

where are extrapyramidal tracts and what do they do?

A
  • Organised in 2b, 2c and 2d
  • Responsible for coordination of automatic movements of location and posture (e.g to painful stimuli) (2b)
  • Automatic movements of arm in response to posture/balance changes (2a)
  • Regulates posture to maintain balance, and facilitates mainly a motoneurons of postural, antigravity (extensor) muscles
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11
Q

what are the components of a reflex arc?

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12
Q

what are the primitive reflexes?

A

reflexes seen in babies

  1. Moro reflex
    1. When babies neck suddenly extended
    2. Arms adduct then abduct
    3. Develops 28-32 weeks gestation and disappears 3-6 months
  2. Standing reflex
    1. In newborn at 3 months
    2. On trying to make baby stand on his legs:
      1. Extension of lower extremities
      2. Hips slightly flexed behind shoulder
      3. Head free to turn
  3. 6-9 months get protective reflexes (parachute reflex)
    1. Protects with outstretched arms
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13
Q

what aspects are looked at in a developmental assessment of a child?

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14
Q

what are the gross motor development of a new born?

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15
Q

what are the gross motor developments at 6-8 weeks and 6-8 months?

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16
Q

what are the gross motor developments at 8-9 months and 10 months?

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17
Q

what are the gross motor developments at 12 months and 15 months?

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18
Q

what are the normal variations of gross motor development?

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19
Q

what is the vision and fine motor development at 6 weeks and 4 months?

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20
Q

what are the vision and fine motor developments at 4-6 months and 7 months?

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21
Q

what are the vision and fine motor developments at 10 months and 16-18 months

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22
Q

what are the vision and fine motor developments at 14 months-4 years and 2- 5 years in building and drawing?

23
Q

what are the hearing, speech and language developments as newborn and 3-4 months?

24
Q

what are the hearing, speech and language developments at 7 months and 7-10 months?

25
Q

what are hearing, speech and language developments at 12 months and 18 months?

26
Q

what are the hearing, speech and language developments at 20-24 months and 2.5-3 years?

27
Q

what are the social, emotional and behavioural developments at 6 weeks and 6-8 weeks?

28
Q

what are the social, emotional, and behavioral developments 10-12 months and 12 months?

29
Q

what are the social, emotional and behavioural developments at 18 and 18-24 months?

30
Q

what are the social, emotional and behavioural developments at 2 years and 2.5-3 years?

31
Q

what are the patterns of abnormal development?

32
Q

what are the limit ages for gross motor control?

A

head control= 4 months

sits unsupported= 9 months

stands independently= 12 months

walks independently= 18 months

33
Q

what are the abnormal motor developments in cerebral palsy at 1.5 months?

34
Q

what are the abnormal motor developments in cerebral palsy at 3 months?

35
Q

what are the abnormal motor developments in cerebral palsy at 6 months?

36
Q

what are the abnormal motor developments in cerebral palsy at 9 months?

37
Q

what are the abnormal motor developments in cerebral palsy at 12 months?

38
Q

what are the limit ages for vision and fine motor control?

A

fixes and follows visually- 3 months

reaches for objects- 6 months

transfers- 9 months

pincer grip- 12 months

39
Q

what are the limit ages for hearing, speech and language developement?

A

polysyllabic babble- 7 months

constonant babble- 10 months

saying 6 words with meaning- 18 months

joints words- 2 years

3 word sentances- 2.5 eyars

40
Q

what are the limit ages for social and emotional behavior?

A

smiles- 8 weeks

fear of stranges- 10 months

feeds self/spoon- 18 months

symbolic play- 2-2.5 years

interactive play- 3-3.5 years

41
Q

who is involved in monitoring child development?

A
  • Parents
  • All doctors
  • Nursery nurses
  • Teachers
42
Q

when in child development monitored/assessed?

A
  • Opportunistically
  • Planned as part of programme of reviews- “ THE HEALTHY CHILD PROGRAMME “
    • 3 key components
      • Screening,
      • General examination and immunisation,
      • Health education /promotion
43
Q

what is the screening, immunisation, child health reviews and health promotion at:

pregnancy <12 weeks

pregnancy 12 weeks

pregrancy 18-20 weeks

birth

2-4 weeks

44
Q

what is the screening, immunisation, child health reviews and health promotion at:

6-8 weeks

2-4 months

8-12 months

13 months

2 years

45
Q

what is the screening, immunisation, child health reviews and health promotion at:

3 years

4-5 years

5-11 years

11-16 years

16-19 years

46
Q

what are the causes of developmental impairments?

A
  • Prenatal (folate, iron, alcohol)
  • Perinatal (delivery itself-oxygen deprivation. Drugs)
  • Postnatal (trauma, meningitis)
47
Q

what is looked at in evaluating a child with abnormal development?

A
  • History
    • Parental concern
    • Birth history
    • Family history
  • PMHX
    • Developmental history
    • Current skills
  • Examination
    • Developmental assessment, + general and neurological examination
    • Investigations – as appropriate
48
Q

what needs to be assessed in a child developmental assessment?

A
  • Milestones proceeding age
  • Expected milestones for age
  • Next important milestones
49
Q

what are the types of developmental delay?

50
Q

what are the causes of global delay (delay in all 4 domains)?

A
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
    • e.g. Down’s syndrome, Fragile X
  • Metabolic
    • e.g. hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism
  • Antenatal and perinatal factors
    • Infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate def
  • Environmental-social issues
  • Chronic illness
51
Q

what are the motor delay causes?

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Global delay eg Down’s syndrome
  • Congenital dislocation hip
  • Social deprivation
  • Muscular dystrophy-Duchenne’s
  • Neural tube defects: spina bifida
  • Hydrocephalus
52
Q

what are the language delay causes?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Learning disability
  • Autistic spectrum disorder
  • Lack of stimulation
  • Impaired comprehension of language
    • Developmental dysphasia
  • Impaired speech production
    • stammer, dysarthria
53
Q

what tests are commonly used to assess developmental delay?

A
  • Standardised tests
  • Schedule of Growing Skills (II)
  • Griffiths developmental scale
  • Bailey developmental scale
  • Denver developmental screening tests
  • OFFER THE RIGHT TOOLS, OBSERVE, LISTEN

1B Development & Ageing (7 decks)

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