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Neuro post midterm fun facts > Post Midterm Fun Facts > Flashcards

Post Midterm Fun Facts Flashcards

1
Q

what is sydenham’s Chorea? (autoimmune)

A

A significant feature several month after rheumatic fever associated with inflammation of basal ganglia
Often unilateral; age of onset is b/w 5-15 y/o; recovery usually good within 6 weeks

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2
Q

What does the NCV test?

A

used to measure the speed of electrical conduction through a nerve
if there is a deficit it can help determine if there are any nerve damage or destruction exists

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3
Q

In GBS, there is demyelination of peripheral axons which begins several weeks after viral respiratory/GI infection. This results in peripheral neuropathy, what would a conduction velocity test show?

A

Demyelination –> marked slowing of motor and sensory

respiratory support is often needed until the schwann cells can successfully re-myelinate the nerves

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4
Q

How does Amygdala increase cortisol? what happens to cortisol in the presence of the hippocampus?

A

Amygdala increases Cortisol via hypothalamopitutitary axis

Hippocampus decreases cortisol via hypothalamopitutitary axis

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5
Q

In general what does an EEG show?

A

Continous spikes

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6
Q

Location and function of the gracile fasciculus and cunate fasciculus

A

Gracile Fasciculus –> lower limbs
Cunate Fasciculus –> upper limbs
part of the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus system

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7
Q

C2,C6,C7,C8 dermatones?

A

C2 –> back of head
C6 –> thumb
C7 –> middle finger
C8 –> little finger

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8
Q

what is myotonia congenita (chloride channel syndrome)

A

Cl channel deficit
Autosomal dominant low expression of chloride channels in the muscle membrane (Cl channels allow Cl influx to keep membrane potential below threshold)
Slow relaxation of muscles (due to repetitive firing of muscle fibers after nerve stimulation ends)

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9
Q

what are the symptoms associated with myotonia congenita?

A

increased excitability of muscle (smaller depolarization is required to evoke an action potential)
K accumulation in transverse tubule system leads to spontaneous firing of muscle
Muscle stiffness and hypertrophy

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10
Q

Parkinson’s Disease hypokinesis, is due to what? (substantia nigra DA deficiency)

A

diminished release of striatal dopamine secondary to degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract.
Produces diminished activation of excitatory D1 receptors reduces striatal output within the direct basal gangliar pathway.

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11
Q

what are some classic parkinsons symptoms? (striatum loss of D2 receptors)

A 
resting tremor 
bradykinesia 
hyposmia 
autonomic dysfunction 
rapid eye movement sleep disorder 
facial masking
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12
Q

Treatments for parkinsons ?

A

L-dopa and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors
Agonists of striatal dopamine receptors
Drugs that enhance striatal dopamine release
Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO-B)
Inhibitors of Catechol-O-methyl Transferase (COMT)
Anticholinergics
Surgery and deep brain stimulation

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13
Q

Huntington symptoms?

A

Neuronal degeneration of the striato-pallidal neurons expressing D2 receptors (changes activity within the indirect pathway)
AD inheritance

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14
Q

what does Huntington disease first appear with?

A

Emotional Dysregulation

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15
Q

what are the treatments for huntingtons disease?

A

therapies have proven ineffective in delaying onset or slowing of progression of this lethal condition
Treatment is thus symptom based

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16
Q

explain lambert eaton disease?

A

Autoimmune disease, where circulating antibodies are directed against voltage gated Ca2+ channels in motor neuron terminals (these antibodies cross link the calcium channels)
Reduced ACh release

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17
Q

what is seen on the EMG of lambert eaton syndrome?

A

waxing, improvement with repeated stimulation

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18
Q

Syringomyelia (central medullary syndrome) results in what?

A

deficit in pain/temp sensation below (2 levels) of the lesion

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19
Q

Proxima;/Distal/Flexion, Extension –> General location in the spinal cord?

A 
Flexion= dorsal 
extension= ventral 
proximal = medial 
distal = lateral
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20
Q

Alzheimers Loss of Function?

A

Loss of memory –> dressing/incontinence –> speech/walking communication

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21
Q

A young girl was brought into the ER and her EEG showed spikes and she was having continous seizure activity without any obvious structural damage. what is the initial dx?

A

Epileptic status

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22
Q

On a hypnogram, what does old person present with?

A

old person = less NREM4

mostly stay in stage 2

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23
Q

What are three types of seizures and some features, each card will go through one. 1–>

A
  1. Primary (idiopathic) –> results from constitutional or genetic disposition, where threshold for seizure is below normal
    No Aura or focal symptoms with both hemispheres involved which can be with or without convulsions
    Petit mal absence seizure –> 10 second absence of motor activity without postictal period to follow
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24
Q

2nd type of seizure?

A
  1. Secondary (focal and symptomatic) –> results from known pathogenic lesion or disease process
    may be intracranial or extracranial
    may be a focal lesion or diffuse generalized process or disturbance of brain function
25
Q

3rd type of seizure?

A
  1. Grand-Mal (Seizure) –> characterized by LOC, falling to the ground and rhythmic convulsions
    may be triggered by light, sounds of touch
26
Q

what are the three phases of a grand mal seizure?

A
  1. Tonic phase –> muscle rigidity for 20 sec followed by clonic phase. Abrupt onset with grunt (tonic contraction of the diaphragm). Cyanosis may ensue due to poor respirations while actively seizing
  2. Clonic phase –> jerking of extremities
  3. Postictal phase –> sleep and disoriented, often with headache and muscle soreness
27
Q

Does a simple partial seizure have an ictal stage?

A

NO

28
Q

patient presents with a temporal-parietal fracture, what type of bleed will this produce?

A

middle menigial

29
Q

If a patient has an internal capsule lesion, what tracts does this affect?

A

afferent and efferent

30
Q

what spinal cord level is the knee jerk, ankle reflex and abdominal reflexes at?

A

T10,11,12–> abdominal reflex below umbilicus
L2,3,4 –> knee jerk
S1 –> ankle reflex

31
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord) gives you what kind of symptoms in terms of reflexes?

A

Areflexia at the level (Due to LMN, ventral horn motor neurons are unable to send signals out) –> corticospinal tract

32
Q

ASA lesion in the thoracic?

A

loss of contralateral pain/temp

33
Q

Midbrain (webers)

A

rubrospinal –> choreatic movements

34
Q

UMN symptoms?

A

Hyperreflexia (After spinal shock finishes)
Clonus
Plantar Reflex (positive babinski reflex)
Spastic Paralysis (no wasting of muscles)
Lesion above decussation –> contralateral symptoms
Lesion below decussation –> ipsilateral symptoms

35
Q

Atonic bladder, where is the lesion??

A

Cauda Equina –> because of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

36
Q

Spina Bifida, what supplement for mothers?

A

Folic Acid Supplement

37
Q

Thiamine deficiency??

A

Neurotoxic effects of alcohol associated malnutrition
starts with sensory loss in lower legs and progresses to motor losses in the legs
nerve conduction velocity is usually normal

38
Q

Myopia??

A

Eye too long for refraction (near sightedness)
lens too powerful for the length of the eyeball
concave (-) D glasses

39
Q

Hyperopia??

A

lens too weak
farsightedness
convex (+) D glasses

40
Q

what is the subtentorial micturation center control of urination?

A

pontine micturation center

located in the posterior fossa

41
Q

Macular Degeneration?

A

Most common cause of loss of vision; often due to neovascular causes
Usually due to aging, but sometimes from extreme myopia and intraocular infections
most ppl can see enough to dress eat and walk

42
Q

If dx someone with schizo you need to do what first?

A

Rule out all other differentials first –> test for drug intoxication (LSD)

43
Q

If you give a patient atropine in the eye, what does this produce?

A

Mydriasis (dilate puil)

44
Q

What fiber innervates all three structures in the muscle spindle?

A

1a alpha is the primary sensory end carrying static, dynamic and nuclear bag afferents

45
Q

what fiber innervates two of the three structures in the muscle spindle?

A

II –> innervates static nuclear bag and nuclear chain fiber (length change only)

46
Q

What fiber is responsible for the inverse myotactic reflex?

A

1b axon firing (increases inhibition on the alpha motor neuron)
ensures even distribution of tension and contraction as well as avoiding excessive contraction to the point of damage.

47
Q

what are the three different functionally distinct regions of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulo-Cerebellum (regulates balance and eye movements)
Spino-Cerebellum (regulates body and limb movement)
Cerebro-Cerebellum (regulates planning and monitoring movement)
All equal ataxia

48
Q

what is the difference between a midline astrocytoma and a cerebellar stroke?

A

Cerebellar Tumor (Astrocytoma) —> common in children
symptoms –> wide stance, truncal ataxia, hypotonia, balance disorder and nystagmus ( vestibulocerebellum lobe symptoms) midline
Cerebellar Stroke –> involves the vertebral arteries usually and has symptoms from all three lobes. Unilateral symptoms

49
Q

Anesthetics work how/

A

blocking Na channels

50
Q

VTA leads to what?

A

reward system heroin works VTA

coke = nucleus ab

51
Q

Tabes Dorsalis causes what?

A

Destruction of DRG and large myelinated fibers
TVP becomes deficient
Hyporeflexia (destruction of LMN)

52
Q

If a patient presents with a C5/C6 disk herniation, what reflex will be diminished?

A

bicep/brachioradialis reflex

53
Q

what happens if you stimulate the anterior hypothalamus with cold?

A

Anterior hypothalamus –> decreases body temperature

decrease temp

54
Q

Wallenberg syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome/PICA syndrome), affects what nuclei/tract?

A

Diminished gag= Nucleus Ambiguous
Cause? stroke/infarct of brainstem caused by occlusion to vertebral artery or PICA
Nystagmus and Ipsilateral Inclination to fall = Inferior vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral analgesia and thermoanesthesia of face, no corneal reflex = nucleus of trigeminal tract
ALS= contralateral TP loss
Central Sympathetic Pathway: Horner’s Syndrome (miosis, ptosis, hypohidrosis)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle: ipsilateral ataxia

55
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

cant comprehend but can REPEAT

56
Q

Anterior cerebral artery occlusion?

A

Contralateral leg

57
Q

What are signs of alzheimers disease ?

A

senile plaques

neurofibril tangles

58
Q

Phineas Gage??

A

Cortex

Frontal

Neuro post midterm fun facts (1 decks)

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