Post-Midterm EPI Flashcards
Validity is reduced by:
systematic bias/error
Reliability is reduced by:
random error
What is the pre-test probability?
Pre-test liklihood
What is the post-test likelihood? + & -
+: PPV
-: 1-NPV (prob pt. has disease despite neg. test)
Snout / Spin
If sensitivity is high, and you get a negative test, rule out disease
If specificity is high, and you get a positive test, rule in the disease
Calculate + likelihood ratio
Sens / (1 - spec)
Calculate - likelihood ratio
(1-Sens)/Spec
Reinforcement/Punishment/Extinction
Reinforcement: inc behavior
Punishment: dec behavior
What are discriminative stimuli?
Environmental cues
What is shaping?
Creating new behaviors through positive reinforcement
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical: involuntary behavior
Operant: voluntary behavior
Parallel testing increases two things:
Sensitivity, negative predictive value
Serial testing increases two things:
Specificity, positive predictive value
Differentiate between cumulative incidence and incidence density.
CI: risk = new cases/total at risk
I-density: person time = new cases/person-time
Prevalence = (equation)
P = I * duration
Differentiate between a screening test and a diagnostic test with respect to +/- predictive value
Screening: want a high NPV
Diagnosistc: want a High PV
Differentiate between ratio, proportion, rate
Ratio: one quantitity divided by other
Proportion: % (numerator part of denominator)
Rate: change in one quantity per unit time
Describe how a 2X2 table is set-up for epi studies.
Columns: disease/no disease
Rows: exposed/not exposed
Describe the study design hierarchy
Obs (descriptive–case series, cross-sectional vs. analytical–cohort/case-control) /Experimental (RCT, field study)
Differentiate between CS/US
CS: learned stimulus (i.e. tone)
US: meat (follows the CS)
CS can provoke the CR/UR
T/F Drugs can have direct and opposite effects
True
Define lead time
Early detection of disease is confused with increased survival
Define length time
Slow developing conditions more likely to be picked up in screening
Define over-diagnosis
Over interpretation in tests as positive when FP
What is rational emotive therapy?
A–B–C (B, our interpretation that causes C, not A)
Sensate focus
Pair arousal with relaxation
Covert sensitization
Imagine an aversive stimulus
Lower the event rate in the control group, larger/smaller difference between RRR and ARR
Larger
If NNT is large, you need to treat many/few patients to observe benefit
Few
Differentiate between efficacy and effectiveness
Efficacy: highly controlled
Effectiveness: real-world
Differentiate between intention-to-treat and explanatory.
Intention-to-treat: analyze using initial treatment assignments
Explanatory: analyze according to treatment actually received
What are the 4 components of a motivational interview?
- Roll with resistance
- Develop discrepency
- Express empathy
- Enhance self-efficacy
What are the 5 components to a treatment approach to nicotine addiction?
- Determine readiness (pre-c, c, prep, action, maintenance)
- Assess physical dependence
- Psyco-social determinants
- Comprehensive intervention strategy
- Prevent relapse
