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Ecotoxicology > Post Midterm > Flashcards

Post Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

whats the formula for toxic units (TU)?

A

TU = [exposure] / LC50 or EC50

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2
Q

what is the community-conditioning hypothesis?

A

ecological communities retain information about unique events in their history; akin to the population bottleneck theory; may account for persistence of toxicant effects long after degradation

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3
Q

Differentiate between observational and experimental studies

A

observational studies use biomonitoring, surveying, epidemiology. Experimental studies are manipulative, they change things.

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4
Q

these ecosystems are typically antagonistic, some synergistic

A

freshwater

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5
Q

explain the stability hypothesis for increased tropic biodiversity

A

tropics are more stable/predictable, species can specialize

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6
Q

why are aquatic systems typically more sensitive?

A

because they have high NPP but low biomass

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7
Q

in the river continuum concept, upstream is ___trophic and downstream is ____trophic

A

heterotrophic, autotrophic

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8
Q

what is QSAR

A

quantitative structure-activity relationship: method used to attempt to group chemicals that are structurally related by their mode of action or chemical properties using stats

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9
Q

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

researchers have found that exposure to intermediate disturbance or stress will maximize species diversity and stability

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10
Q

explain the heterogeneity hypothesis for increased tropic biodiversity

A

tropics are more physically complex, more habitats for specialization

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11
Q

Define community ecotoxicology

A

the study of the pollutant effects on species abundance, diversity and interactions in a common environment

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12
Q

What is trophic cascade

A

Lethal or sublethal pollutant effects on predators, grazers, or scavengers leading to cascading effects at lower trophic levels

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13
Q

What is the “salting out effect”?

A

increased salinity in water increases persistence of pesticides and POPs

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14
Q

What are the shannon and simpson diversity indices individually sensitive to?

A

shannon to rare species, simpson to dominance

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15
Q

These types of effects usually decrease organism abundance (indirect or direct)

A

Direct effects

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16
Q

what is dose-ratio dependent deviation

A

shift between synergism and antagonism dependent on ratio of mixture constituents

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17
Q

name four major ecosystem process that can be affected by contaminants

A

(1) decomposition (2) nutrient cycling (3) primary production (4) energy flow

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18
Q

name 5 community characteristics that can influence stability and recovery

A

community complexity, community maturity, community history, recolonization ability, and life history traits of community members

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19
Q

What is competitive release

A

When a pollutant resistant species wins or gains advantage. Niche overlap, interspecific competition

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20
Q

describe component based mixture studies

A

use knowledge of individual toxicities of mixture components to predict/assess combined effect

21
Q

what are the 5 key features that determine severity of community resistance to disturbance?

A

(1) magnitude (2) frequency (3) duration (4) scale (5) timing

22
Q

These types of effects usually increase or decrease abundance (indirect or direct)

A

Indirect effects

23
Q

What are some problems associated with acidification in boreal lakes

A

Declines in DOC and DIC, reduced base cations, elevated dissolved metals, biota increased exposure to DNA-damaging UV-B radiation and metal toxicity, impairs biodiversity and certain processes

24
Q

what is macroecology

A

subfield of ecology that studies relationships between organisms and their environment at large spatial and temporal scales to characterize and explain patterns of abundance, distribution and diversity

25
Q

describe bottom-up mixture studies

A

identify most hazardous components of mixture to set thresholds; could apply uncertainty factor

26
Q

Define community ecology

A

the study of species abundance, diversity and interaction among all populations in a common environment

27
Q

what is the rivet popper hypothesis?

A

species are like rivets on airplanes with each species playing a small but critical role in keeping the plane/community airborne

28
Q

Name 4 global scale anthropogenic contaminants

A

(1) Organochlorines (2) Brominated flame retardants (3) Mercury (4) Perfluorooctane suflonate (PFOS)

29
Q

what is PICT?

A

Pollution induced community tolerance

30
Q

What are the 6 factors/filters controlling community composition and biodiversity

A

(1) historical and evolutionary (2) biogeographical (3) dispersal ability, colonization (4) physical environment (5) species interaction (6) anthropogenic

31
Q

what are the 6 leading hypotheses why amphibians are declining?

A

1) alien species 2) over-exploitation 3) land use change 4) global change (UV, warming) 5) increased pesticide use 6) emerging infectious disease

32
Q

What are five projected consequences of the “new climate”

A

(1) surface temperature rise (2) heat waves more frequent, long, intense (3) extreme precipitation (4) ocean warming and acidification (5) global sea level rise

33
Q

what are the pros and cons of MIXTOX?

A

Pro: allows for complex mixture analysis Con: complex and difficult, limited applicability in field settings

34
Q

What is the most important environmental policy in Canada?

A

CEPA (1999) Canadian Environmental Protection Act

35
Q

Define community

A

Communities are groups of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time and interact either directly or indirectly

36
Q

what are some major contaminants found in OSPW?

A

naphthenic acids, PAHs, benzene, phenols, heavy metals

37
Q

What is Rapaport’s Rule of environmental gradients?

A

species found in more variable habitats have greater tolerance than those in more benign habitats; Hypothesis that states that plant and animal ranges are generally smaller and richness is higher at lower latitude/elevations than at higher latitude/elevations

38
Q

what is dose-level dependent deviation

A

shift between synergism and antagonism dependent on TU of mixture constituents

39
Q

explain the evolutionary time hypothesis for increase tropic biodiversity

A

tropics are “older”, not subjected to recent glaciation, thus more time for speciation

40
Q

multiple stressors in an organism can cause: (3)

A

1) increased contaminant exposure 2) increased susceptibility 3) reduced adaptive capacity

41
Q

What are four reported consequences of climates change

A

(1) rising temperatures (2) increased melting/thawing (3) rising sea levels (4) increased weather severity

42
Q

explain the productivity hypothesis for increased tropic biodiversity

A

tropics have more primary productivity, more food, greater food web complexity

43
Q

Name two mechanisms of indirect pollution impacts on communities

A

Competitive release and trophic cascade

44
Q

what is the redundancy hypothesis?

A

species with similar niche are considered redundant because they could be eliminated or replaced by others with no loss in community function

45
Q

what are the 6 key features that determine resilience from disturbance?

A

(1) magnitude (2) frequency (3) duration (4) scale (5) timing (6) physical features of affected habitat

46
Q

these ecosystems are typically synergistic or additive

A

marine

47
Q

give three examples of environmental gradients

A

pH, elevation, temperature

48
Q

on a species abundance curve, what do the y-intercept, the length of x, and m represent?

A

y-intercept indicates dominance, the length of x indicates richness, the m indicates evenness

Ecotoxicology (4 decks)

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