Post Industrial Britain Flashcards
How did social class shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
Still strong class divisions (upper and working class), however, now a wealthy middle class, consisting of professions such as doctors and factory owners and managers emerged. Amateurism and professionalism - Amateurs were middle or upper class; they took part for enjoyment or to test themselves, not for financial gain. Professionals were working class and were paid.
How did gender shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
Middle class women were restricted by Victorian ethics (stay at home and be responsible for the family)which dictated their behaviour, however sports such as lawn tennis gave them some freedom to be athletic. Working class women still had practically no opportunity to participate in sporting activity
How did law and order shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
Police force established in London in 1829; this reflected the ‘civilising process’ of society. Sports and games more controlled with less wagering. Lower class blood sports such as cock fighting banned. However, fox hunting a sport enjoyed by the upper classes still allowed, after all the upper classes still made the laws!
How did education shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
The 1870 Education Act lead to a national state education system. Working class became more educated could understand so therefore got involved in sports with more complex rules.
How did the availability of time shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
Shorter working week, half day on Saturday and a week paid holiday for workers. This made participating in and watching sports for the working class more regular and widespread. Factory owners realised benefit of sport to keep workers healthy and fit for work. Led to ‘works’ teams being established e.g. West Ham United formed by work force at Thames Iron Works 1895.
How did the availability of money shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
Society had more disposable income than in the past. Factory workers could afford gate money to see their favourite local football team. Middle classes could afford equipment to participate in sports such as tennis or golf. Upper classes remained wealthy and continued to participate in their ‘country’ sports (hunting, shooting and fishing)
How did transport and especially the development of the railways shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
Transport, notably the railways, was hugely significant in the emergence and evolution of all sports. The railways meant:
- teams could travel further afield to play matches
- spectators could travel to watch
- agreed rules were needed
- league, cups and competitions were established
- regional, national and finally international competitions were possible
How did the a) fee paying b) boarding and c) non-local public schools shape the characteristics of, and participation in, sports and pastimes in post-industrial Britain?
a) were able to afford specialist equipment & facilities and employ professional coaches e.g. in cricket
b) children had a lot of free time play and so standards were high. Also led to setting up of inter and intra school competitions
c) lots of versions of sports came together so standardised rules needed to be drafted
The ‘Cult of Athleticism’ originated in public schools. What is it?
Athleticism was seen as the combination of physical endeavour(trying hard) mixed with moral integrity (a mix of honour, truthfulness and sportsmanship). These qualities were promoted through sport in the public schools and sportsmanship remained a fundamental ingredient of British sport until the mid 20th century
How did ex-public schools shape the characteristics of sport in the post-industrial era?
Public schoolboys often attended Oxford and Cambridge universities which became a ‘melting pot’ for different sports where they became standardised (origins of NGB)
Ex-public schoolboys spread team games throughout the world as teachers / army officers / priests / vicars / industrialists.
