post copulatory sexual selection- T.Birkhead, T.Pizzari

Question 1

what is a sexually antagonistic gene?

Answer 1

expression benefits one sex but is harmful to the other

Question 2

what is cryptic female choice?

Answer 2

ability to bias fertilisation effect of males that copulate and inseminate

Question 3

what can post copulatory sexual selection affect?

Answer 3

gene freq over generations
genetic diversity of pop
fate of additive genetic variation

Question 4

what does the fact that the maternal genome in offspring mixing with genomes of many males result in?

Answer 4

rapid molecular evolution
high intersexual specialisation
pop divergence

Question 5

what does a spread of sexually antagonistic genes result in?

Answer 5

sex limitation of expression

sex biased transmission control

Question 6

what are 4 direct benefits of polyandry?

Answer 6

• nutrient acquisistion
• fertility benefits
• can obtain better partners
• reduced sexual harassment

Question 7

3 indirect benefits of polyandry?

Answer 7

• offspring diversity
• offspring attractiveness
• offspring viability

Question 8

what is anisogamy?

Answer 8

male and female gametes different sizes

Question 9

in drosophila what do the phohormones, peptides, ACPs and enzymes released by males do?

Answer 9

act as anti aphrodisiac

deactivate sperm already in reproductive tract

Question 10

what does Acp26Aa stimulate?

Answer 10

female ovulation

Question 11

what can a high number of eggs do to male and female reproductive success?

Answer 11

can increase males

if beyond optimum can decreases females

Question 12

what can coevolution between sexes result in?

Answer 12

rapid evolution of extreme traits

so pop divergence, reproductive isolation, speciation

Question 13

what is intersexual coevolution?

Answer 13

evolution of sexual traits in one sex triggers a response in the other

Question 14

what is a clade?

Answer 14

lineage of organisms/ alleles comprising an ancestor and all descendants

Question 15

if sperm competition intensity high why may a male invest fewer sperm in ejaculate?

Answer 15

prob. of fertilisation reduced

Question 16

do poly or mono insects produce more live sperm?

Answer 16

poly

Question 17

how may lower status sheep in a flock be able to inseminate?

Answer 17

when later in the season and the dominant males become sperm depleted

Question 18

what can promote fertilising efficiency?

Answer 18

seminal fluids

Question 19

when is female choice at post insemination level favourable?

Answer 19

• when choice of partners costly

- when choice is based on phenotype and gene compatibility

Question 20

what kind of males do females favour fertilisation from?

Answer 20

genetically similar
compatible genotypes
those with attractive alleles

Question 21

what is the catalyst when pre and post insemination operate in unison?

Answer 21

sexual promiscuity

Question 22

how can unattractive males compensate?

Answer 22

by having competitive ejaculates

Question 23

what may post insemination selection be fundamental for?

Answer 23

for maintaining genetic polyphenism

Question 24

what is it thought that promiscuous females sons will be like?

Answer 24

will be more able to fertilise

Question 25

when will male efficiency traits not aid female fitness?

Answer 25

if inherited eternally

Question 26

what can divergence in reproductive interests trigger?

Answer 26

can trigger rapid intersexual coevolution based on antagonism

Question 27

what is mtDNA responsible for in males?

Answer 27

infertility

Question 28

what is non directional cryptic female choice driven by?

Answer 28

genetic incompatibility

Question 29

what is the -ve correlation between male and female fitness?

Answer 29

higher reproductive success of males= lower fitness of females

Question 30

where is it predicted that the genes should accumulate?

Answer 30

on the sex linked regions of the genome

Question 31

where do D.Melanogaster male fertility genes accumulate?

Answer 31

on Y chromosome

Question 32

how can sperm efficiency be inherited?

Answer 32

through maternally transmitted mitochondrial genes

Question 33

what may affect phenotypic variance of sexually selected traits?

Answer 33

environmental effects

Question 34

what id the quantitative trait locus?

Answer 34

genetic locus identified by statistical analysis of complex traits

Question 35

what 5 things do predictions of evolutionary response by post insemination sexual selection need info on:

Answer 35

1. intensity of the selection
2. selective mechanisms
3. cooperation and conflict between male and female driven processes
4. efficiency of post insemination mechanisms
5. selection potential and mode of gene transmission