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4th Year BDS > Post and Cores + Preg + Bood + Re-endo > Flashcards

Post and Cores + Preg + Bood + Re-endo Flashcards

1
Q

How to diagnose post-treatment disease?

A

may not be straight forward as you may be dealing with partially treated pulp canals, missed canals or procedural mishaps. These should be included in the diagnostic description.

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2
Q

What is included to enable you to gain a good pain history?

A

When RCT was fine and if any problems arisedRubber dam used?Check for:- swellings/sinus- TTP- Mobility - PPD > 3mm- tenderness on buccal palpationSpecial tests:- hot and cold sensitivity

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3
Q

Remember the SLOB radiography rule?

A

SAME lingualOpposite BuccalIf you move the x-ray head medially the two roots will move dismally but the buccal one will be the opposite direction of the movement and the lingual will be the one in the same direction

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4
Q

Name the 3 diagnostic categories for post treatment disease?

A

Previously treated:- (a)symptomatic PRP- chronic apical abscess- acute apical abscess

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5
Q

Name the 4 causes of post treatment disease?

A

Intraradicular microorganismExtraradicular infectionForeign body reactionTrue cyst

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6
Q

Name the 9 possible reasons for the canal to have intra-radicular microorganisms?

A

Poor access cavity designUntreated major or minor canalPoorly prepared canals or poorly obturated Procedural complicationsLedgesPerforationsSeparated instrumentNewly introduced microorganisms Coronal leakage

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7
Q

Name the 8 main reasons for endodontic treatment failure?

A
  1. Leaking around intubation2. Non-treated canals3. Underfilled 4. Complex canal system5. Overfilled6. Iatrogenic7. Apical biofilm8. Cracks
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8
Q

What is the definition of an extraradicular infection?

A

Microbial invasion and proliferation into the preriradicular tissues. - perio endo lesion where pocketing extends to the apical foramina- extrusion of infected dentine chips during instrumentation- overextended instrumentation/filling materialBiofilms which grow through the apical constriction and form an external apical biofilmExtraradicular microbes

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9
Q

What is the defintion of a foreign body reaction?

A

In the periradicular tissue have been associated with a chronic inflammatory response:- vegetables - cellulose fibres- onturatiob material (sealer or GP)

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10
Q

What is the defintion of a true radicular cyst?

A

Form when retained embryonic epithelium begins to proliferate due to the presence of chronic inflammationCan’t tell between abscess, granuloma or cyst - radiographically

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11
Q

Cystic characteristics in a radiograph?

A

The larger it is, the more likely it’ll be cystic However, treatment is still the same

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12
Q

Name and deacribe the 2 types of radicular cysts?

A

True radiculsr cyst:- an enclosed cavity totally lined by epithelium - no communication with RCS- not heal after RCTPeriapical pocket cyst:- epithelium is attached to the margins of the apical foramen- cyst lumen is open to the infected canal and hence can communicate directly- heal after RCT

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13
Q

Name the 7 things beware of when treating a tooth for an RCT?

A

History of bruxingHistory of frequent decementingOcclusal wear facetsLarge/wide RCT/PostsLarge, narrow perio pocketsCan also indicate a perio endo lesionLook for vertical root fracture

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of failed RCT?

A

Persistent or secondary infection of the RCSSecondary intraradicular infections Microbes are not present in the primary infection but have been introduced later

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15
Q

What species of bacteria can be found as a secondary intraradicular infection?

A

PropionibacteriumActinomycesPrevotellaE.faecalusStreptococcusCandida albicansFusobacterium nucleatem Spirochaetes Different combinations of bacterial can cause different ways of treatment failure

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16
Q

What are the 4 options after diagnosing a treated tooth with lost- treatment disease?

A

NothingNonsurgical ExtractionSurgical

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17
Q

When should Do Nothing be suggested for a patients failed RCT tooth?

A

No signs nor symptoms form the tooth and the radiolucency is not increasing in sizeEvidence shows that it has little chance of becoming symptomatic

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18
Q

When should extraction be suggested?

A

When tooth has an obvious hopeless outlook

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19
Q

When should non-surgical re-treatment be suggested for a failed RCT?

A

The safer option that surgicalMost benefit with lowest riskGreatest likelihood of eliminating most common cause (intraradicualr infection)But could be more costly than surgical treatment and longer

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20
Q

When should surgical treatment be suggested for a patients failed RCT?

A

Surgery is chosen when no surgical re-treatmebt is not possible, or where the risk to benefit ratio is outweighed by surgeryRCTs can be improved, but somethings can be rectified

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21
Q

What are the aims of root canal re treatment?

A

Re treatment aims to regain access into the apical 1/3 of the the root canal system and create an environment conductive to healingNeed:- coronal access (remove restorations)- remove all previous obstruction material- manage any complicating factors - achieve full working length- eliminate microbes

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22
Q

Should you remove the crown/bridge or not? Advantages and Disadvantages of keeping/removing?

A

Decision is easier if it is defective or replacement is requiredAdvantages of retaining the restoration:- cost for replacement avoided- isolation is easier- occlusion preserved- aesthetics maintained Disadvantages of retaining indirect resto:- removes dentinal core reduction retention and strength- increased change of iatrogenic mishap as restricted vision - removal of canal obstructions more difficult- may miss something important

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23
Q

Name the 2 techniques to remove the crown without destroying it?

A

WAMKEY - dentsply mailleferMetalift system

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24
Q

What influence the difficulty of post removal?

A

Fairly predictable Depends on the post, location in mouth and material cemented with

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25
Q

How to remove a post?

A

What it was cemented with and when the last time it came outBonded restorations are more difficult to remove

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26
Q

Consider the types of post material? Name 2

A

Dentatus screw Quartz fibre - more time consuming

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27
Q

What arenthe initial considerations when thinking about how to remove a post?

A

Location in the arch of the tooth that requires post removalThe more anterior in the arch, the more difficult to remove due to accessibilityTo remove a post firt remove all restorative materials all around- use ultrasonics

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28
Q

Explain the way in which you’d remove the metal posts?

A

Ultrasonics- eggler post removerRuddle/Gonon post remover- masseran kitIf metal threaded, can often unscrew using Spencer Wells or similar Quartz fibre posts - pilot hole then piezo reamerZirconia and ceramic post- often irretrievable

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29
Q

Explain the process of post removal with ultrasonics?

A

Rubber damMagnification and illumination Aim to reduce the retention sing ultrasonics at the interface between the post and the toothConstantly move it around the circumference of the post to disrupt the cement along the post/canal wall interfaceUse copious coolant sprayOwing to the heat that can be generated, stop every 15s

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30
Q

What to do if ultrasonics don’t work?

A

A post puller is required

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31
Q

Explain the Eggler post removal system?

A

Post pullerDevice consists of two sets of jaesnrhay work independently - first jaw grips the core- the other jae pushes away from the tooth in line with the long axisA cast core may need reduced with a high speed hand piece - not recommended for the removal of screw posts

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32
Q

Explain the Ganon/Ruddle post removal system?

A

Effective for removing parallel or tampered non-actice preformed posts Hollow trephine bur played over the trimmed down postTrephine domes off tip of post to allow specific, matched size extraction mandrel to create a thread onto the exposed portion of the postThe extraction mandrel is attached to the post, the extraction vice is applied to the tooth and postTurning the screw applies a coronal forceBut vice large access in molar/crowded incisors is difficult

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33
Q

Explain how to remove fibre posts?

A

Often come with drill for removalNeed magnificationCan drill a pilot hole in the long accessSet a silicone stop at the depth of the post on the reamer and slowly take to this lengthLN burs v usefulSpeed at 600-900rpm

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34
Q

How to remove a fractured post?

A

Masseran Kit

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35
Q

Name the 6 potential complications of post removal?

A

Inability to removeTooth is unrestroable Head transmission to PDL from ultrasonicsTooth/root fracturePerforation of rootFracture of post and inability to remove

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36
Q

How to gain access to the RCS on a RCT tooth?

A

Once coronal access is gained remove any residual cement using an ultrasonic blocking access jntonthe RCS

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37
Q

What should happen if the tooth has limited access?

A

If not possible to remove lost, surgery can often be performed

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38
Q

Name 3 types of ways to remove GP?

A

Solvents:- chloroform, halothane and oil of turpentineThermal- ultrasonic - system bMechanical- rotary NiTi files (ProTaper D)

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39
Q

Explain how to use chemical solvents to remove GP?

A

Very small amount in luer lock syringeToxic if extrudedLeave in canal for a minute then working into HP with a C+ file or a 15 or 20 hedstrom When all GP removed, add more solvent into canal and wick out paper points

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40
Q

Explain how to mechanically remove GP from the canal?

A

Rotary Notice files- Mtwo R- ProTaper DUse at 600rpmAlways crown down Active tip to penetrate GP

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41
Q

In which order should you use the ProTaper D files?

A

D1 16mmD2 18mmD3 22mm

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42
Q

Removing carrier based systems?

A

Much more difficult with more errors chance

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43
Q

Guttacore

A

New

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44
Q

What to do after bulk of GP is removed?

A

Flood canals with solventUse paper points to wicj out remains GP and sealerCarefully use hedstroms

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45
Q

Explain the irrigant protocol?

A

NaOCl EDTA or citric acidPovidone iodine soakNaOClUse copious irrigationOnce working length is reached progressively larger diameter hand files are rotatwd passive, nonbinding, clockwise direction to remove the remaining GP until the files come out of the canal clean

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46
Q

Explain why silver points are bad for RCTs?

A

Poor success rate of RCT with pointsNot adaptable ti canal, limited seal and toxic productsDo not retreat in single visit as risk of flare up

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47
Q

Explain how to remove a silver point?

A

Never apply ultrasonic energy directly on point - will disintegrateDifficult to removeGrippable using stieglitzDon’t twistApply ultrasonic indirectly to the stieglitz and vibrate out

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48
Q

Name the 4 options to fill the canals for retreatment?

A

Insoluble resinGPSilver pointsSoluble pastes

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49
Q

How effective are electronic aplex locators for retreatment cases?

A

Frequently misread the working lengthRegain accuracy when clean

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50
Q

How successful is retreatment?

A

Reduced success compared to de novo

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51
Q

What is the defintion of endodontic success?

A

If survival is used as the outcomes, longer is betterIf bony infill is taken as successful the more infill the better

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52
Q

What does retreatemnt rely on?

A

Maginficaiton and illumination and successfully removing all obtruation material

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53
Q

Name the 3 ways in which there is communication between the pulp and periodontium?

A

Dentinal tubulesApical foramenLateral/accessory canals

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54
Q

How can dentinal tubules becomes exposed?

A

Developmental defectsDisease processesSurgical proceduresTrauma

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55
Q

Name the 4 types of morphology of the CEJ?

A

I: cementum iver enamelII: Edge to edgeIII: gap IV: enamel over cementum

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56
Q

What is the defintion of the apical foramen?

A

Is the principle route of communication between pulp and periodontiumPulpal inflammation can cause localised inflammatory reaction in the peridontium May be exposed due to severe LoA

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57
Q

Where are most lateral canals found?

A

Middle 1/330-40% have lateral canals - found apicallyContain CT and BVsFurcal canals

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58
Q

Explain the problem of potential for exposed furcal canals?

A

All teeth with furcation involvement can potentially have exposed fiscal canalsLesions suggested radiographically may be due to infectious products from a necrotic pulp diffusing down a furcal or lateral canalsRemember sensitivity testing:- lower 46 and 36 DL root- Upper and lower premolars can have between 1-3 roots- Canines have can 2 roots

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59
Q

Bacteria found in chronic/asymptomatic PRP and chronic peridontitis?

A

Aggregatibacter actinimycetesmcomitansP gingivalisEikenellaFusobacteriumP intermediateTreponema denticola

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60
Q

Name the 4 iatrogenically occurring communication between pulp and periodntium.

A

Developmental malformationsResorption lesionsPerforationsCracksMucosal fenestration

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61
Q

Name 3 types of developmental malformations?

A

Palatogingival grooves- upper incisors- maxillary lateral incisorsIf the epithelial attachment is breached, grooves becomes contaminated Self-sustainjng infrabony pocket developsLoA can quickly extend to the apical foramen causing pulapl necrosis Treatment:- difficult- scaling and RSI don’t work- bur out grooves and use regenerative techniques

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62
Q

Name 3 types of responsive lesions?

A

External inflammatoryInternal inflammatoryCervical inflammatory

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63
Q

What are the requirements of resoprtive lesions?

A

An injuryA stimulus

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64
Q

Describe an internal inflammatory root resorption?

A

Only associated with increased probing depths and BOP when resorptive process has perforated through root

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65
Q

Describe an external inflammatory root resorption

A

Associated with increased probing depths and BOPIn late stages, can interfere with gingival sulces and result in periodontal abscesses

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66
Q

Describe a cervical inflammatory root resorption?

A

Starts where the JE attaches to root surfaceMicrobes in the giving sulcus situate and sustaon the resorptive processAssociated with increased probing depths, gingival swelling and BOP

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67
Q

What is the defintion of a perforation?

A

Caused pathological by caries or iatrogenically by procedural errorsPresent with perio abscess - pain, swelling, pus draining and with infrabony pocket developing Having perforated an acute inflamamltry action will occurCloser to the gingival sulcus, increased likelihood of apical migration

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68
Q

What affects the prognosis of a perforation?

A

Location - mid to apical third better outlook as bounded by bone, but advanced perio badTimeAbility to sealChance of new attachment Accessibility to RCS

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69
Q

Describe a horizontal root fracture?

A

HorizontalPocket formation may occur - coronal 1/3 root fractureCan present with perio abscess or Deeping of perio pocket

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70
Q

Describe a vertical root fracture?

A

VerticalMicrobial colonisation of crack space = periodontal inflammation = breakdown of CT and alveolar bone leading to deep infrabony pocket

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71
Q

How to diagnose vertical root fracture?

A

Parallax x-rayJ shaped radiolucencyPerio abscess or deepening periodontal pocketDeep, narrow pocket, pain on biting pain, abscess and chronic sinusSurgical exploration but hopeless prognosis

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72
Q

What is the defintion of a mucosal fenestration?

A

Pathological condition characterises by the perforation of the alveolar bone playe and overlying mucosa by the roots of the teeth

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73
Q

Name the 4 aetiologies of mucosal fenestration?

A

Root prominenceDevelolmenral anomaliesChronic periradicular Orthodontic tooth movement

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74
Q

Treatment for mucosal fenestration?

A

Generally asymptomatic but are plaque retentive factors Causes of exposed root end further periodontal destruction ingress of bacteria into the RCSTreatment:- endodontic treatment- surgery- CT graft

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75
Q

What is the defintion of a furcation?

A

horizontal loss of bony support in areas where roots of multi-rooted teeth conerge

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76
Q

What is the aetiology of furcations?

A

result of plaque indcued inflammationworse in elderly patientsPRFs

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77
Q

Which teeth affected?

A

All multi-rooted teethAll molars, 14 and 24Check from radiographs

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78
Q

How to investigate a furcation for a maxillary molar?

A

Mesio=-palatally, buccally and then distally

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79
Q

How to investigate a furcation for a maxillary premolar?

A

Check mesially and distallyroot bifurcation loacted at the mid-apical third- unsuitable for root resection

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80
Q

How to investigate a furcation for a mandibular molar?

A

Check buccally and linguallyMesial and Distal rootMore around the 6s as hinner buccal bone

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81
Q

What difference does a furcation have on a mandibular or maxillary molar?

A

Mandibular:- even if severe only buccal and lingual bone plates affetced- as long as no interproximal bone lossMaxillary:- potential for severe damage to the mesial and distal bone areas, affecting adjacent teeth- needs more aggressive strategies

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82
Q

How to diagnose a furcation involvement?

A

If you can prod it with your probeRadiographs can confirm your suspicisions and confirm amount of bone loss

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83
Q

Differential diagnoses for furcation?

A

Occlusal trauma widens the PDL and causes bone lossDo a sensibility test to identify vital or non-vital

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84
Q

How to treat a furcated tooth that is non-vital?

A

Endo treatemnt always prior to periodntal treatment

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85
Q

How to treat a furcated tooth that is vital?

A

TRreat as plaque induced periodontal disease and review for further sensibility testing

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86
Q

How to clinically assess a furcation?

A

Probe around circumferenceDetermine extentFactors attributing to itMorphologyFactors affecting treatment

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87
Q

Best tool for furcations?

A

Nabers

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88
Q

Root trunk length affecting RCT?

A

shorter can be exposed but more accessible

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89
Q

Root length affecting RCT

A

SHort roots may have little root left invested in bone, reduce functional demands

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90
Q

Root form affecting RCT?

A

awkward shapes can make access difficult

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91
Q

What part of the furcation anatomy can make RCTs harder?

A

ConcaviitiesAccessory canalsBifurcational ridges

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92
Q

What is the definition of cemento enamel projections

A

Enamel below gingival margin

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93
Q

What is the defintion of an enamel pearl?

A

Enamel below gingival margin in a pearl shape

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94
Q

Name the 3 grades of furcation severity?

A

IIIIII

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95
Q

Describe Degree I furcation?

A

Horizontal loss of peridontal support not exceeding 1/3 width of tooth

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96
Q

Describe Degree II furcation?

A

Horizontal loss of peridontal support exceeding 1/3 width of tooth, but not encompassing the tota width of furcation area

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97
Q

Describe Degree III furcation?

A

Horizontal loss through and through destruction of periodontal tissues in the furcation area

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98
Q

Name the potential consequences of furcation involvement?

A

CariesPulpal exposuirePulpal necrosisFUrcal/accessory canal microbial invasion - pulpal death

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99
Q

Name the 2 objectives for RCT in furcated teeth?

A

Eliminate microbial plaque from the exposed root surfaceEstablish an anatomy condutive to effective plaque controlNeed a plaque free zone

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100
Q

Name the 5 treatment options for a degree I furcation?

A

Repeated scalingMechanical non-surgical debridementFurcationplastyElimate plaque trap via smoothingPokcet elimination surgery

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101
Q

Non-surgical therapy for furcation treatment?

A

OHINeeds furcation accessScaling and RSI

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102
Q

Wht is the defintion of furcationplasty?

A

a surgical resective treatment to eliminate the interradicular defectB or lingual furcationsTooth substance removed and alveolar crest remodelled at furcation level entrance

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103
Q

Name the treatment options for a degree II furcation?

A

FurcationplastyTunnel prepRoot resectionGuided tissue regenEnamel matrix derivativeTooth extarction

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104
Q

Name the treatment options for a degree III furcation?

A

Tunnel preproot resectionextraction

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105
Q

What is the definition of tunnel preps?

A

surgical treatment for DII and III furcationsNeeds unfused rootsFlap reflectyed and granulation tissues removeed, root surfaces scaled and RSIWidened furcation area - allow easy teepee accessFlaps replaced in more apical areaHigh risk for sensitivity

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106
Q

What is the defintion of root resection?

A

Surgical division and removcal of roots of multi-rooted teethGood for uneven bone supportMust seal rootMust devitalise toothBets to RCT beforeMax amount of dentine savedDirect resto after obturation

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107
Q

Which root to remove for resection?

A

The root or roots that will elimnate the furcationGreatest amount of bone loss of LoASave better roots, lose worse roots

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108
Q

What is the ideal goal for regenaration?

A

regenrate lost attachmentnew formation of cementum, functionally orientated PDL, alveolar bone and gingivaPDL cells have ability to regen

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109
Q

Cardiovascular risk for patient with pregnancy?

A

Increased pulse but lower BPIncrease of 40% of plasma volumePossible fainting and palpitations

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110
Q

Gastrointestinal risk for a pregnant patient?

A

Decreased oesophageal pressureDecreased gastric emptyingDecreased gastrointestinal motilityNausea and vomitingHeartburnConstipation

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111
Q

Musculoskeletal risk for the pregnant patient?

A

Change in posture - sciatica painRelaxation of pelvic jointsBack painPelvic girdle pain

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112
Q

Respiratory risk for pregnant patient?

A

Decreased total lung capacity, but tidal volume increasesSoBProblem with GA as less time for intubation - swollen larynx and pharynx

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113
Q

Urinary risk for a pregnant patient?

A

Right sided hydronephrosis, with increased urinary stasisIncreased urinary frequencyUTI increases preterm births

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114
Q

Haemoglobin risk for pregnant patient?

A

Thrombophillic state, a fall in haemoglobinIncreased risk of DVT/PE and anaemia

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115
Q

Useful medications to aid with haem for pregnant patients?

A

Aspirin to reduce risk of pre eclampsia and improves placental functionDoltaparin - blood thinner

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116
Q

Drugs for nausea and vomiting?

A

Anti-emetics - cyclazine

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117
Q

Drugs for stomach?

A

Omeprazole

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118
Q

Name the common dental conditions in pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy gingivitis- increased inflammation - increased bleeding- worst in 3rd trimesterBenign oral growth lesions- 5% of pregnanciesTooth erosion/dental caries- increased acidity in the mouth- secondary to vomitingIncreased tooth mobility

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119
Q

Name the 3 clinical considerations for pregnancy and dental procedures?

A

Inferior vena cava compressionAirway oedemaBreast enlargement Ensure patient lies on the left side to avoid vessel compression (pack a pillow down the side)

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120
Q

Drug for heartburn?

A

Ondansetron

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121
Q

If patient has collapsed, and patient is in late term pregnancy, what should you do?

A

DeliverResuscitation is impossible as bump is very large

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122
Q

Periods of fatal development?

A

CNS - 3 weeks to full termEars - 4 1/2 to 20Teeth - 6 3/4 to full termPalate - 6 3/4 to 16Upper limbs - 4 1/2 to 9External genitalia - 7 to full termLower limbs - 4 1/2 to 9 Heart - 3 1/2 to 9Eyes - 4 1/2 to full term

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123
Q

Valproate - never in pregnancy? Why?

A

Valproate- epilepsy- folate antagonist- assoc with neural tube defect- ideally avoid in women of child bearing age or change to another drug pre pregnancySpina bifida

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124
Q

Tetracyclines - never in pregnancy? Why?

A

Tooth stainingSkeletal developmental problems

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125
Q

Warfarin - never in pregnancy? Why?

A

Warafrin:- fetal warfarin syndrome - low birth weight, developmental delay, deafness, hypoplastic nose and skeletal abnormalities - may need to stay mediscstion due to metal heart valve risk vs benefit- can be used postnatally

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126
Q

Alcohol - never in pregnancy? Why?

A

No safe level of alcoholFetal alcohol syndrome - developmental delay, behaviour issues, characteristic facial features (thin upper lip, smooth philtrum and decreased eye width)

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127
Q

Name 4 teratogens?

A

ValproateTetracyclinesWarfarinAlcohol

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128
Q

Is paracetamol safe during pregnancy?

A

YES

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129
Q

Local anaesthetic in pregnancy?

A

Lidocaine with adrenaline is not harmful to baby, if in normal dosesCan cause neonatal respiratory depression, hypotonia and bradycardia in large dosesAdrenaline can cause reduction in placental perfusion

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130
Q

Antibiotics in pregnancy?

A

Penicillin, amoxicillin and metronidazole all safeAvoid:- tetracycline - skeletal effects (1st) and tooth discolouration (2nd and 3rd)- gentamicin (unless patient is very unwell)- ciprofloxacin (arthropathy)

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131
Q

Painkillers during pregnancy?

A

Paracetamol safeNSAIDs - avoided in 3rd trimester as can cause ductus arteriosusDihydrocodiene - small risk of neonatal respiratory depression

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132
Q

Common drugs to consider for pregnancy? That are very good for pregnancy

A

Aspirin - reduces the risk of a small baby and hypertensive disordersHeparin - reduces the risk of DVT/PE

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133
Q

X-ray risk for pregnant patient?

A

Commonest teratogenic effect of radiation:- microcephalic with several mental regards option- main effect between 10-17 weeks- very little risks before 10 and after 27Threshold dose:- >250 mGy 0.1% risk- >1000 mGy microencephaly, growth restriction, genital and skeletal malformation

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134
Q

Does dental health affect pregnancy?

A

More linked to socioeconomic status - and that’s why poor dental hygiene was linked

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135
Q

Can you take a radiograph for a pregnant patient?

A

YesDose from one periapical is approx 0.001 mGy and from an OPT 0.1mGy and maximum dose thought to cause concern is 200mGy (background 50mGy per year and this is possibly higher in Aberdeen!) remember a milligray ( mG or mGy is the absorbed dose)However, this is an emotive subject and the risks vs the benefits must be discussed with the patient. It is worth mentioning that having 0.001-0.1mGy still carries a risk of less that 1 in 1,000,000 risk of childhood cancer (1). Some prospective mothers might not want to take that risk. Risk less before 10 weeks and after 27 weeks but because of the “ emotive nature of dental radiography during pregnancy, the patient could be given the option of delaying the radiography”

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136
Q

Why should you avoid Felypressin?

A

it can cause uterine contractions

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137
Q

Which antibiotics are safe and dangerous for pregnant patients?

A

Yes, it is safe to prescribe penicillins Avoid: - metronidazole- erythromycin- tetracycline- doxycycline

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138
Q

What pain relief to recommend to pregnant patients?

A

Paracetamol is safeAvoid:- NSAIDs- Aspirin- Dihydocodiene- Codiene

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139
Q

What symptoms can a pregnant patient experience at 8 week?

A

Blood pressure drops:- fainting riskEmotional changesIncreased urinationVominitingAnaemia

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140
Q

What is Dalteparin?

A

a low molecular weight heparin anticoagulantSubcut

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141
Q

Is amalgam safe for pregnant patients?

A

No, it is best avoided as Mercury can crossthe placenta and has been detected in breast milkA temporary restoration should be placed insteadRemoval of an amalgam filling can carried out under rubber dam and high volume suction

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142
Q

Should Duraphat be precribed for a pregnant patient? and what alternatives are there?

A

No, due o its alcohol contentNor 5,000ppm flouire toothpastes as the effects of high fluoride are unknown2,800ppm is deemed safe but must be spat out after brushingFluoirde MW of 225ppm or 900ppmFor lactating/breastfeeding

143
Q

Why to double check medical history when dealing with pregnant patients?

A

They may not know they are pregnant, or don’t feel like it is important to tell youCheck history generally

144
Q

Check for pregnancy gingivitis?

A

hormonal changes can excaerbate pre exisiting plaque induced gingivitisPossibly gestational diabetes

145
Q

Symptoms of first trimester?

A

increase in oestrogen and progesterone seems to coincide with increase in gingival inflammation

146
Q

Describe how hyperplasia of the gingivae looks and is caused?

A

Hyperplasia of the gingivae is caused by marked proliferation of capillaries and minimal proliferation of fibroblastsClinically it appears as dark red/purple papillae which are fragile, bleed easily. False pocketing and stagnation also may be a problem

147
Q

Describe how a pregnancy epulis occurs? and how it looks?

A

Caused by inflammatory response to local irritation which is modified by hormonal changes- 3rd month of pregMushroom like flattened spherical mass – sessile pedunculated base, protrudes from the gingival margin, in the interproximal space, red to dark blue in colour, bleeds easily with minimum trauma, painless unless it interferes with the occlusion

148
Q

How to treat a pregnancy epulis?

A

Treatment – same as for pregnancy. induced gingivitis plus you might consider biopsy if it does not resolve after the birth of the baby.The use of Chlorhexidine mouthwash is not contraindicated but always remember to warn about taste alterations and staining with prolonged use.

149
Q

Which antifingals are safe and dangerous during pregnancy?

A

Amphotericin is safe and nystatin but Avoid:- miconazole- fluconazole(can transfer to foetus or risk malformations)

150
Q

Is there a link between periodontal disease and preterm/low birth weight babies?

A

Preterm= pre-37weeks Low birth weight < 2,500 g or 5.5lbsIncidence – over 4 million die within first 4 weeksRisk factors – young maternal age, drug alcohol and tobacco abuseMaternal stress, genetics, genito-urinary tract infectionMultiple or assisted pregnanciesResearch into interventions is not conclusivePeriodontium = reservoir of gm –ve bac, host response elevated levels of chemical mediators, premature labourNo conclusive evidence

151
Q

What is hyperemis Gravidarum?

A

continued vomitingusually during the first trimester but can be throughout. causing dehydration (dry mouth), weight loss, electrolyte imbalance and hospitalisationdon’t brush after vomiting

152
Q

How to treat a patient with erosion due to pregnancy vomiting?

A

Dress teeth, protecting the exposed enamelA dentine bonding agent ( ie Seal and Protect ) will aid protectionConsider Delaying RCT and radiographs until after birth if possibleWe should consider taking study models to observe wear, gag reflex is exaggerated due to obstruction of oesophagus

153
Q

How to deal with vena cava compression?

A

posture, take care when lying the patient flat, consider the left lateral tilt to relieve the compression on the blood vessel, use cushion or use a rolled up towel.

154
Q

Acyclovir for cold sores?

A

Minimal absorption to the foetus, but shedding at term may lead to HSV transfer to the baby

155
Q

When is the best time for dental treatment during pregnancy?

A

Research and evidence suggests that dental care during pregnancy is safe, effective and recommended. ( best time is second trimester)

156
Q

Name the 3 main tyoes of inherited coagulation disorders?

A

Haemophilia AHaemophilia Bvon Willebrand’s disease

157
Q

Describe Haem A?

A

Factor VIIIX-linkedfemale carries can have mild bleeding tendency

158
Q

Describe Haem B

A

Factor IX defX-linked

159
Q

Describe vWD?

A

Factor VIII def and reduced platelet adhesionDominant inhertance1 in 100

160
Q

Describe symptoms of haemophilia?

A

PEOPLE WITH SEVERE HAEMOPHILIA HAVE FREQUENT BLEEDS INTO MUSCLE AND WEIGHT BEARING JOINTSMODERATE SUFFERES HAVE A FEW SPONTANEOUS BLEEDS AND IN MILD HAEMOPHILIA THE BLEEDS USUALLY OCCUR AFTER TRAUMA, SURGERY OR DENTAL EXTRACTIONS.

161
Q

Where do we treat patinets with CBD (congenital bleeding disorders)?

A

NAME?

162
Q

What are the management strategies for CBD?

A

Some dental procedures don’t require augmentation of coagulation factor levels.Coagulation factor replacement therapyRelease of endogenous Factor stores using desmopressin (DDAVP)Improving clot stability by antifibrinolytic drugs, e.g. tranexamic acid .Local Haemostatic measuresLIASON WITH A HAEMATOLOGIST

163
Q

Wghat is the definition of DDAVP?

A

DesmopressinA SYNTHETIC HORMONE, IS A DRUG WHICH IS SOMETIMES PRESCRIBED TO STIMULATE THE RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS FACTOR STORES.

164
Q

Describe transexamic acid?

A

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY TO IMPROVE CLOT STABILITY

165
Q

What is Haem A and B MoA?

A

Normal bleeding time and INR but prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)Replacement of the deficient clotting factors - porcine or recombinant by IV infusion Severe cases : daily injections15-25% people develop inhibitors or antibodies with repeated use.

166
Q

Describe the factor replacements and how they should be used?

A

FACTOR VIII HAS A HALF LIFE OF ONLY 10-12 HOURS AND DENTAL TREATMENT HAS TO BE CARRIED OUT ON DAY OF COVER ALTHOUGH IT IS PREFERABLE, IT IS RARELY POSSIBLE FOR EXTENSIVE DENTAL TREATMENT TO BE COMPLETED IN ONE VISIT, HOWEVER TREATMENT SHOULD BE ORGANISED TO MINIMISE THE NUMBER OF FACTOR REPLACEMENT SESSIONS AND THUS THE LIKELIHOOD OF ANTIBODY DEVELOPMENTFACTOR IX HAS A LONGER HALF LIFE, ALLOWING DENTAL TREATMENT TO BE CARRIED OUT ON CONSECUTIVE DAYS UNDER A SINGLE DOSE OF REPLACEMENT THERAPY

167
Q

Describe vWD MoA?

A

Extended bleeding time due to poor platelet function and low levels of circulating vWF and ristocetin co-factor. 75% have mild or Type 1 vWDUsually treated with synthetic hormone desmopressin (DDAVP)Infused IV over 20 minutes at Haemophilia CentreCan also be self-administered as high strength nasal sprayMore severe types require factor replacement therapy derived from human plasma. Ristocetin co factor

168
Q

Post OP adivce for CBD?

A

Severe cases requiring extractions and interventive surgery are usually treated in a safer setting or hospital environment Some patients are asked to return to the hospital for monitoring. Tranexamic Acid (TA) Usually administered in tablet form 1g three times a day up to10 days Also available as a syrup or mouthwash in a dental situation TAILORED WRITTEN AND VERBAL POST-OPERATIVE ADVICE WITH CONTACT TELEPHONE INFORMATION AND AVOIDANCE OF NSAIDS

169
Q

General principles for factor replacement?

A

Dental procedures should be performed as close to the time of administration of Factor concentrate as possible.Factor cover may be prescribed as prophylaxis or on demand.Expensive - dental treatment should be organised to minimise exposure to Factor replacement therapy.

170
Q

Blood transfusions before 1986?

A

Non inactivated replacement factor concentrates from pooled human blood until 1986 when effective heat treatment was introduced.Risk factor of HIV and vCJD prior 199970% patients with haemophilia have presence of HCVRecombinant (non human derived) factor concentrates in early 1990’s removed the risk of viral or prion transmission

171
Q

Name the general measure to reduce bl;eding risk?

A

Minimal traumaLA with vasoconstrictorhaemostatic agents in socketsSutures (resorbable)Post OP adviceAvoid NSAIDs

172
Q

How to manage a patient needing emergency treatment with CBD?

A

Acute pulpitis - pain can usually be controlled by removing pulp from tooth. Temporary dressing until planned extractionDental abscess with facial swelling. Antibiotics only if local spread or systemic infection. Seek advice from haemophilia centreFractured teeth - normal management +/- cover if significant bleeding soft tissues

173
Q

Drugss to avoid with CBD?

A

AspirinNSAIDs

174
Q

CBD considerations for soft tissues?

A

chlorhex MWparaffin wax to avoid adherence to mucosa

175
Q

CBD considerations for resto?

A

nil

176
Q

CBD considerations for subging resto?

A

haemostatic agents - retration cord or transexamic acid

177
Q

CBD considerations for endo?

A

sodium hypochlorite irrigation and CaOH paste for bleeding control

178
Q

CBD considerations for rubber dam?

A

avoid trauma

179
Q

CBD considerations for high speed aspiration

A

avoid trauma

180
Q

CBD considerations for denture?

A

care with fittingsoft lining (if needed)

181
Q

CBD considerations for ortho?

A

prevention and oral hygiene advicewax to stop trauma

182
Q

CBD considerations for routine scaling?

A

Transexamic acid MW

183
Q

CBD considerations for perio surgery?

A

good oral hygienefactor cover

184
Q

What things to check for when assessing whether a RCT’d tooth has been successful?

A

Lack of symptomsNo painNot TTPNo palpation painNo swellingRadiographic healingFunctional and aestehtic tooth

185
Q

Describe radiographically a failed RCT?

A

Presence of a periradicular radiolucency, unchaned or a new increased rarefraction

186
Q

When does a RCT’d tooth new re-reatment?

A

If the GP has been exposed in the mouht for some timeORif post-treatment disease has been diagnosed

187
Q

What factors dictate whether a tooth has a good prosthodontic prognosis?

A

The quality and quantity of remaining tooth structure is the single most important factor

188
Q

What to assess in the root filled tooth?

A

Remove all caries, restorations and assess the quatity distribution and quality of tooth substance remaining

189
Q

What is the ferrule’s effect?

A

The remaining coronal tooth tissue offers retention, resistance and a substrate to bond to

190
Q

What is the defintion of the ferrule?

A

A metal ring or cap intended to embrace the tooth structure cervically to achieve root strengthing and prevent shattering of the root2mm H1mm W (from post hole to margin)

191
Q

What factors influence the ferrule?

A

A longer ferrule increases fracture resisatnce significantlyAlso resists lateral focres from the posts and leverage from the crown in functionIt increases retention and resistance of the restoration

192
Q

Name the 5 requirements for a successful crown/crown prep?

A

Ferrule (dentine axial wall height) must be at least 2-3mmThe axial walls must be paralledRestoration must encircle toothMargin is on solid tooth structureCorwn and prep must not invade the biologic width

193
Q

What are the clinical complications for missing 1 of the 5 requeirements of the prep?

A

Root FractureCoronal apical leakageReccurent cariesDislodgement or loss of the corePerio injury - LoA, recession, and bone loss - biologic width invasion

194
Q

What are the 4 advantages for the Ferrule effect?

A

Provides anti-rotational featuresIncreases longevity of post and coreFailure of restoration tends to be retrievableIncreases the fracture resistance of the RCT’d teeth

195
Q

Is GP antimicrobial?

A

No

196
Q

How to remove sealer from pulp chamber?

A

Alcohol

197
Q

How to seal the pulp chamber?

A

Vitrebond - RMGIC

198
Q

When should we place the post?

A

Immediately after the prep

199
Q

WHat are the advantages of placing the post immediateyl?

A

Familiarity with RCS and WLDecreased risk of perfs or excessive GP removalDoes NOT disrupt the apical sealDelayed post space prep does decrease chance of coronal leakage

200
Q

How does length of post influence success of RCT’d tooth restoration?

A

More important than widthThe longer the post, the better the retentionSiginificant increase in clinical success if longer than the crown heightShorter posts have poor retention and transmit lateral forces to the remaining root structure compared to longer postsNeed for >4-5mm of GP apically

201
Q

What is the ideal width of the post?

A

Adequate width important for post strength and resistance to fractureOptimum is <1mm width at the tipbut consider root morphology - larger roots can perforate the toothDiameter of the post at its tip should be <1/3 of the diameter of the root at the corrsponding depth e.g. lower incisor .6 and upper incisor 1mm

202
Q

What are the risks of a wider post?

A

Increased risk of root perfIncreased cervical stressesDecreased impact resistanceDecreased resistance to root fracture

203
Q

Explain how to remove the GP for a post?

A

Chemical - increased apical leakageThermal - can distub apical GPMechanical - most efficientGG (Gates Glidden) do not causes the large increases in temperature

204
Q

Hand or rotary removal of GP?

A

Hand less change of iatro and temoRotary greater change of iatro and temo - high torque and low speed

205
Q

Explain the process to remove GP and prep the post hole mechanically?

A

Use non-end cutting bur GGCuts GPP preferentially than dentine wallsThen use peeso reamers/parapost reamers to finally comple the prep after GP removed (can lead to increases in temp)

206
Q

What are the ideal properties for a luting cement?

A

InsolublePrevent microleakageAdherere to radciaulr dentine - potentially reinforce rootwithstand fatigiue froces wellCan risk generation microcrack can culminate in the failure of the restoration

207
Q

Name 3 types of traditional luting cements?

A

ZPC - mechanical means no chemicalGIC - depends on resin content - can bond more to dentineRMGIC - no indicated for posts due to hygroscopy

208
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of resin-based luting cements?

A

Potentially reinforce toothAid post retentionRequire pretreatment with etch and bondadhesives form hybrid layers allong the post space wallsBut bonding to radicular dentine may be affected by NaOCl which is strong oxidising agentLeaves oxygen rich layer on dentine - inhibits poly of resinEugenol diffusing affect retention of bonded post

209
Q

Explain how to use dual cure resin-based luting cements?

A

Difficult for moisture controlUse self-etch prposed as an alternative, but hard to penetrate smear layerDual cure adhesives developed to ensure better pilymer deeper in rootContain ternanry catalyst to ofset acid base reaction

210
Q

Explain how to use self-adhesive resin-based luting cements?

A

Alternative to conventional resin-based luting cementsReact with hydroxyapatiteDoes NOT reuire pretreatment of root dentineReduces techique sensitivtyAlso dual cure, and so need lightadhesion similar to multisetp luting cememnt, not recommended for bonding to enmale without phosphoric etchNot clinically proven to work

211
Q

Chemically active resins?

A

4-METADon’t use impossible to remove post

212
Q

Name the advantages of adhesive cementation?

A

Improved marginal adaptationImproved apical sealIncreased post retention - even for short postsRelives stress in root canalOptimises fracture patterns for re-restoration

213
Q

Name the disadvantages of adhesive cementation?

A

Difficult to access without magnificationRemnats of acid and debris from prepBondign areas decreased by GP remnants, smear or sealerVoids and gaps in cement interface

214
Q

Name the 4 main aims for resotorative management of root filled teeth?

A

Presevre tooth structureProtect tooth structureMaintain seal in canalAllow for re-tretment

215
Q

What is the function of a post?

A

Retain the core when the reamining tooth structure is considerably reducedStress distribution to radicular dentine and alveolar boneNo strengthening effect excepts for fibre posts

216
Q

What infleunce the difficulty of a root filled tooth restoration?

A

Quantity and location of remaining tooth structureLocation of access cavityConsider the quantity of remaining dentine - coronally, pulp chambers and RCs

217
Q

Indications for a post?

A

Primary aim is retention for the core when little detine and little useful pulp chamber remain

218
Q

How to choose a post?

A

PassiveParallel sidedRoughened surfaceEasy to use

219
Q

How long should the post be?

A

As long as the crown2/3rd of the length of the too50% of the root length surrounded by bondAs long as possible

220
Q

Name the 2 function of the post?

A

Core retentionStress distribution

221
Q

Name 5 factors that determine the dimensions of the post?

A

Root lengthRoot diameter - <1/3 diameter of rootExtention of root filling - 5mm min to maintain apical sealClinical crown heightAlveolar bone levels

222
Q

Give an example staging for a cast post and core?

A

Review RCTPost space prepCrown prepReview anti-rotationCoronal finishing

223
Q

Core impression restorations for the cast post and core?

A

Indirect - imps + castDirect - resin pattern

224
Q

Comapre the indirect versus direct techniques for coring?

A

Indirect:- less surgery time- working imos- opposing cast- shaape of core technician determinedDirect:- increased surgery time- direct pattern- no opposing acst- core shape by operator

225
Q

Name the 3 tools for the parapost?

A

Temp postImps post (smooth)Pattern post (serrated)

226
Q

Describe the indirect technique for post creation?

A

Elastomeic impression (wash imps) + lab fabricationUsing smooth imps post

227
Q

Describe the direct technique for post creation?

A

Colours relate to parapost diameterUsing serrated burn-out post + DuraLay

228
Q

Describe the Nealon Incremental Technique

A

Lub canal with DuraLay - bead brushForce down canal to express trapped airRecord intra-radicular anti-rotation featureTrim with turbine + diamon + waterspray

229
Q

What to do before trying in post-retained core?

A

Inspect and remove any casting blebs

230
Q

Name the potential problems for metal posts and cast etal cores?

A

Radicul;ar fractureCoronal leakageRetriveability

231
Q

Name 3 types of fibre posts?

A

CarbonGlassQuartz

232
Q

Explain the clinical technique for fibre post placement?

A

Evaluate pre-Op radioDetermine post length + widthCreate post prep and anti-rotation - before refining coronal prepExtra-coronal prepEval H:W of axial wallsPost lengthFinial finishSelf-etching composite luting cement - Rely X Unicem

233
Q

Name the disadvantages of fibre posts?

A

Post fractureLoss of retentionBond of composite resin to dentineBond to post

234
Q

What will determine the success?

A

Amount and location of the remaining tooth structure

235
Q

Why do we need a core?

A

Provide retention and resistance formRestoration of coronal tissueDurable coronal seal

236
Q

How can we increase retention and resistance using a core?

A

Use of adhesive materials to bond to toothtissues (crown and core)Use of undercuts and grooves in remainingtooth tissue (core)Use of ferrule (crown)

237
Q

How do we assess the need for a core?

A
  1. Can the tooth provide retention for its extra-coronalrestoration without additional material being added?2. Do we need to add material that will aid resistance andretention, or do we just need to block out irregularities?3. Is there sufficient remaining tooth tissue to retain andsupport a core?4. Can a ferrule be achieved?
238
Q

Advantages of the coronal seal? vital and nonvital?

A

Vital:➢Provides increased pulpal protection➢Prevents caries at and beneath restoration marginNon-vital:➢Provides additional line of defence to endodontic seal➢Prevents caries at and beneath restoration margin

239
Q

Describe amalgam as a core material? Adv and Dis?

A

Advantages - Not especially technique sensitive - Strong in bulk section - Sealed by corrosion products - Can be bonded into place withcements and resinsDisadvantages- Best left to set for 24 hours before tooth preparation- Weak in thin section- Potential electrolytic action betweencore and metal crown- Not intrinsically adhesive- Poor aesthetics under ceramicrestorations

240
Q

Indications for amalgam as a core material?

A

 Excellent core build-up material for posterior teeth Excellent interim restoration for posterior teeth Adhesives and preparation features can often substitute for pinretention

241
Q

Describe composite as a core material? Adv and Dis?

A

Advantages - Strong- Can be used in a thinner section thanamalgam- Fast setting (either light or chemicallycured)- Does not always need a matrixduring placementDisadvantages- Highly technique sensitive- Relies on multi-stage dentinebonding requiring effective isolation- Dentine bond can be ruptured bypolymerisation contraction- Can be difficult to distinguishbetween tooth and core duringpreparation

242
Q

Indications of composite for core build up?

A

Excellent build-up material for posterior and anterior teeth if isolationassuredAesthetic interim restoration, but takes far longer to place than amalgam

243
Q

Should we remove the exisiting restoration?

A

Removal of existingrestorations allows properassessment of:➢The tooth’s structural integrity➢Pulpal exposure➢Underlying caries

244
Q

Describe the Nayyar core?

A

“Postless” preparationRetention from coronal and radicular toothtissueUses pulp chamber as retention and resistance form

245
Q

Advantages of the Nayyar core?

A

 Can be placed immediately after endo –reducing risk of coronal leakage Utilises coronal tooth structure to increaseretention Reduces stresses created by post placement Usually easily retrievable

246
Q

How to diagnose post-treatment disease?

A

may not be straight forward as you may be dealing with partially treated pulp canals, missed canals or procedural mishaps. These should be included in the diagnostic description.

247
Q

What is included to enable you to gain a good pain history?

A

When RCT was fine and if any problems arisedRubber dam used?Check for:- swellings/sinus- TTP- Mobility - PPD > 3mm- tenderness on buccal palpationSpecial tests:- hot and cold sensitivity

248
Q

Remember the SLOB radiography rule?

A

SAME lingualOpposite BuccalIf you move the x-ray head medially the two roots will move dismally but the buccal one will be the opposite direction of the movement and the lingual will be the one in the same direction

249
Q

Name the 3 diagnostic categories for post treatment disease?

A

Previously treated:- (a)symptomatic PRP- chronic apical abscess- acute apical abscess

250
Q

Name the 4 causes of post treatment disease?

A

Intraradicular microorganismExtraradicular infectionForeign body reactionTrue cyst

251
Q

Name the 9 possible reasons for the canal to have intra-radicular microorganisms?

A

Poor access cavity designUntreated major or minor canalPoorly prepared canals or poorly obturated Procedural complicationsLedgesPerforationsSeparated instrumentNewly introduced microorganisms Coronal leakage

252
Q

Name the 8 main reasons for endodontic treatment failure?

A
  1. Leaking around intubation2. Non-treated canals3. Underfilled 4. Complex canal system5. Overfilled6. Iatrogenic7. Apical biofilm8. Cracks
253
Q

What is the definition of an extraradicular infection?

A

Microbial invasion and proliferation into the preriradicular tissues. - perio endo lesion where pocketing extends to the apical foramina- extrusion of infected dentine chips during instrumentation- overextended instrumentation/filling materialBiofilms which grow through the apical constriction and form an external apical biofilmExtraradicular microbes

254
Q

What is the defintion of a foreign body reaction?

A

In the periradicular tissue have been associated with a chronic inflammatory response:- vegetables - cellulose fibres- onturatiob material (sealer or GP)

255
Q

What is the defintion of a true radicular cyst?

A

Form when retained embryonic epithelium begins to proliferate due to the presence of chronic inflammationCan’t tell between abscess, granuloma or cyst - radiographically

256
Q

Cystic characteristics in a radiograph?

A

The larger it is, the more likely it’ll be cystic However, treatment is still the same

257
Q

Name and deacribe the 2 types of radicular cysts?

A

True radiculsr cyst:- an enclosed cavity totally lined by epithelium - no communication with RCS- not heal after RCTPeriapical pocket cyst:- epithelium is attached to the margins of the apical foramen- cyst lumen is open to the infected canal and hence can communicate directly- heal after RCT

258
Q

Name the 7 things beware of when treating a tooth for an RCT?

A

History of bruxingHistory of frequent decementingOcclusal wear facetsLarge/wide RCT/PostsLarge, narrow perio pocketsCan also indicate a perio endo lesionLook for vertical root fracture

259
Q

What is the most common cause of failed RCT?

A

Persistent or secondary infection of the RCSSecondary intraradicular infections Microbes are not present in the primary infection but have been introduced later

260
Q

What species of bacteria can be found as a secondary intraradicular infection?

A

PropionibacteriumActinomycesPrevotellaE.faecalusStreptococcusCandida albicansFusobacterium nucleatem Spirochaetes Different combinations of bacterial can cause different ways of treatment failure

261
Q

What are the 4 options after diagnosing a treated tooth with lost- treatment disease?

A

NothingNonsurgical ExtractionSurgical

262
Q

When should Do Nothing be suggested for a patients failed RCT tooth?

A

No signs nor symptoms form the tooth and the radiolucency is not increasing in sizeEvidence shows that it has little chance of becoming symptomatic

263
Q

When should extraction be suggested?

A

When tooth has an obvious hopeless outlook

264
Q

When should non-surgical re-treatment be suggested for a failed RCT?

A

The safer option that surgicalMost benefit with lowest riskGreatest likelihood of eliminating most common cause (intraradicualr infection)But could be more costly than surgical treatment and longer

265
Q

When should surgical treatment be suggested for a patients failed RCT?

A

Surgery is chosen when no surgical re-treatmebt is not possible, or where the risk to benefit ratio is outweighed by surgeryRCTs can be improved, but somethings can be rectified

266
Q

What are the aims of root canal re treatment?

A

Re treatment aims to regain access into the apical 1/3 of the the root canal system and create an environment conductive to healingNeed:- coronal access (remove restorations)- remove all previous obstruction material- manage any complicating factors - achieve full working length- eliminate microbes

267
Q

Should you remove the crown/bridge or not? Advantages and Disadvantages of keeping/removing?

A

Decision is easier if it is defective or replacement is requiredAdvantages of retaining the restoration:- cost for replacement avoided- isolation is easier- occlusion preserved- aesthetics maintained Disadvantages of retaining indirect resto:- removes dentinal core reduction retention and strength- increased change of iatrogenic mishap as restricted vision - removal of canal obstructions more difficult- may miss something important

268
Q

Name the 2 techniques to remove the crown without destroying it?

A

WAMKEY - dentsply mailleferMetalift system

269
Q

What influence the difficulty of post removal?

A

Fairly predictable Depends on the post, location in mouth and material cemented with

270
Q

How to remove a post?

A

What it was cemented with and when the last time it came outBonded restorations are more difficult to remove

271
Q

Consider the types of post material? Name 2

A

Dentatus screw Quartz fibre - more time consuming

272
Q

What arenthe initial considerations when thinking about how to remove a post?

A

Location in the arch of the tooth that requires post removalThe more anterior in the arch, the more difficult to remove due to accessibilityTo remove a post firt remove all restorative materials all around- use ultrasonics

273
Q

Explain the way in which you’d remove the metal posts?

A

Ultrasonics- eggler post removerRuddle/Gonon post remover- masseran kitIf metal threaded, can often unscrew using Spencer Wells or similar Quartz fibre posts - pilot hole then piezo reamerZirconia and ceramic post- often irretrievable

274
Q

Explain the process of post removal with ultrasonics?

A

Rubber damMagnification and illumination Aim to reduce the retention sing ultrasonics at the interface between the post and the toothConstantly move it around the circumference of the post to disrupt the cement along the post/canal wall interfaceUse copious coolant sprayOwing to the heat that can be generated, stop every 15s

275
Q

What to do if ultrasonics don’t work?

A

A post puller is required

276
Q

Explain the Eggler post removal system?

A

Post pullerDevice consists of two sets of jaesnrhay work independently - first jaw grips the core- the other jae pushes away from the tooth in line with the long axisA cast core may need reduced with a high speed hand piece - not recommended for the removal of screw posts

277
Q

Explain the Ganon/Ruddle post removal system?

A

Effective for removing parallel or tampered non-actice preformed posts Hollow trephine bur played over the trimmed down postTrephine domes off tip of post to allow specific, matched size extraction mandrel to create a thread onto the exposed portion of the postThe extraction mandrel is attached to the post, the extraction vice is applied to the tooth and postTurning the screw applies a coronal forceBut vice large access in molar/crowded incisors is difficult

278
Q

Explain how to remove fibre posts?

A

Often come with drill for removalNeed magnificationCan drill a pilot hole in the long accessSet a silicone stop at the depth of the post on the reamer and slowly take to this lengthLN burs v usefulSpeed at 600-900rpm

279
Q

How to remove a fractured post?

A

Masseran Kit

280
Q

Name the 6 potential complications of post removal?

A

Inability to removeTooth is unrestroable Head transmission to PDL from ultrasonicsTooth/root fracturePerforation of rootFracture of post and inability to remove

281
Q

How to gain access to the RCS on a RCT tooth?

A

Once coronal access is gained remove any residual cement using an ultrasonic blocking access jntonthe RCS

282
Q

What should happen if the tooth has limited access?

A

If not possible to remove lost, surgery can often be performed

283
Q

Name 3 types of ways to remove GP?

A

Solvents:- chloroform, halothane and oil of turpentineThermal- ultrasonic - system bMechanical- rotary NiTi files (ProTaper D)

284
Q

Explain how to use chemical solvents to remove GP?

A

Very small amount in luer lock syringeToxic if extrudedLeave in canal for a minute then working into HP with a C+ file or a 15 or 20 hedstrom When all GP removed, add more solvent into canal and wick out paper points

285
Q

Explain how to mechanically remove GP from the canal?

A

Rotary Notice files- Mtwo R- ProTaper DUse at 600rpmAlways crown down Active tip to penetrate GP

286
Q

In which order should you use the ProTaper D files?

A

D1 16mmD2 18mmD3 22mm

287
Q

Removing carrier based systems?

A

Much more difficult with more errors chance

288
Q

Guttacore

A

New

289
Q

What to do after bulk of GP is removed?

A

Flood canals with solventUse paper points to wicj out remains GP and sealerCarefully use hedstroms

290
Q

Explain the irrigant protocol?

A

NaOCl EDTA or citric acidPovidone iodine soakNaOClUse copious irrigationOnce working length is reached progressively larger diameter hand files are rotatwd passive, nonbinding, clockwise direction to remove the remaining GP until the files come out of the canal clean

291
Q

Explain why silver points are bad for RCTs?

A

Poor success rate of RCT with pointsNot adaptable ti canal, limited seal and toxic productsDo not retreat in single visit as risk of flare up

292
Q

Explain how to remove a silver point?

A

Never apply ultrasonic energy directly on point - will disintegrateDifficult to removeGrippable using stieglitzDon’t twistApply ultrasonic indirectly to the stieglitz and vibrate out

293
Q

Name the 4 options to fill the canals for retreatment?

A

Insoluble resinGPSilver pointsSoluble pastes

294
Q

How effective are electronic aplex locators for retreatment cases?

A

Frequently misread the working lengthRegain accuracy when clean

295
Q

How successful is retreatment?

A

Reduced success compared to de novo

296
Q

What is the defintion of endodontic success?

A

If survival is used as the outcomes, longer is betterIf bony infill is taken as successful the more infill the better

297
Q

What does retreatemnt rely on?

A

Maginficaiton and illumination and successfully removing all obtruation material

298
Q

Name the 3 ways in which there is communication between the pulp and periodontium?

A

Dentinal tubulesApical foramenLateral/accessory canals

299
Q

How can dentinal tubules becomes exposed?

A

Developmental defectsDisease processesSurgical proceduresTrauma

300
Q

Name the 4 types of morphology of the CEJ?

A

I: cementum iver enamelII: Edge to edgeIII: gap IV: enamel over cementum

301
Q

What is the defintion of the apical foramen?

A

Is the principle route of communication between pulp and periodontiumPulpal inflammation can cause localised inflammatory reaction in the peridontium May be exposed due to severe LoA

302
Q

Where are most lateral canals found?

A

Middle 1/330-40% have lateral canals - found apicallyContain CT and BVsFurcal canals

303
Q

Explain the problem of potential for exposed furcal canals?

A

All teeth with furcation involvement can potentially have exposed fiscal canalsLesions suggested radiographically may be due to infectious products from a necrotic pulp diffusing down a furcal or lateral canalsRemember sensitivity testing:- lower 46 and 36 DL root- Upper and lower premolars can have between 1-3 roots- Canines have can 2 roots

304
Q

Bacteria found in chronic/asymptomatic PRP and chronic peridontitis?

A

Aggregatibacter actinimycetesmcomitansP gingivalisEikenellaFusobacteriumP intermediateTreponema denticola

305
Q

Name the 4 iatrogenically occurring communication between pulp and periodntium.

A

Developmental malformationsResorption lesionsPerforationsCracksMucosal fenestration

306
Q

Name 3 types of developmental malformations?

A

Palatogingival grooves- upper incisors- maxillary lateral incisorsIf the epithelial attachment is breached, grooves becomes contaminated Self-sustainjng infrabony pocket developsLoA can quickly extend to the apical foramen causing pulapl necrosis Treatment:- difficult- scaling and RSI don’t work- bur out grooves and use regenerative techniques

307
Q

Name 3 types of responsive lesions?

A

External inflammatoryInternal inflammatoryCervical inflammatory

308
Q

What are the requirements of resoprtive lesions?

A

An injuryA stimulus

309
Q

Describe an internal inflammatory root resorption?

A

Only associated with increased probing depths and BOP when resorptive process has perforated through root

310
Q

Describe an external inflammatory root resorption

A

Associated with increased probing depths and BOPIn late stages, can interfere with gingival sulces and result in periodontal abscesses

311
Q

Describe a cervical inflammatory root resorption?

A

Starts where the JE attaches to root surfaceMicrobes in the giving sulcus situate and sustaon the resorptive processAssociated with increased probing depths, gingival swelling and BOP

312
Q

What is the defintion of a perforation?

A

Caused pathological by caries or iatrogenically by procedural errorsPresent with perio abscess - pain, swelling, pus draining and with infrabony pocket developing Having perforated an acute inflamamltry action will occurCloser to the gingival sulcus, increased likelihood of apical migration

313
Q

What affects the prognosis of a perforation?

A

Location - mid to apical third better outlook as bounded by bone, but advanced perio badTimeAbility to sealChance of new attachment Accessibility to RCS

314
Q

Describe a horizontal root fracture?

A

HorizontalPocket formation may occur - coronal 1/3 root fractureCan present with perio abscess or Deeping of perio pocket

315
Q

Describe a vertical root fracture?

A

VerticalMicrobial colonisation of crack space = periodontal inflammation = breakdown of CT and alveolar bone leading to deep infrabony pocket

316
Q

How to diagnose vertical root fracture?

A

Parallax x-rayJ shaped radiolucencyPerio abscess or deepening periodontal pocketDeep, narrow pocket, pain on biting pain, abscess and chronic sinusSurgical exploration but hopeless prognosis

317
Q

What is the defintion of a mucosal fenestration?

A

Pathological condition characterises by the perforation of the alveolar bone playe and overlying mucosa by the roots of the teeth

318
Q

Name the 4 aetiologies of mucosal fenestration?

A

Root prominenceDevelolmenral anomaliesChronic periradicular Orthodontic tooth movement

319
Q

Treatment for mucosal fenestration?

A

Generally asymptomatic but are plaque retentive factors Causes of exposed root end further periodontal destruction ingress of bacteria into the RCSTreatment:- endodontic treatment- surgery- CT graft

320
Q

What is the defintion of a furcation?

A

horizontal loss of bony support in areas where roots of multi-rooted teeth conerge

321
Q

What is the aetiology of furcations?

A

result of plaque indcued inflammationworse in elderly patientsPRFs

322
Q

Which teeth affected?

A

All multi-rooted teethAll molars, 14 and 24Check from radiographs

323
Q

How to investigate a furcation for a maxillary molar?

A

Mesio=-palatally, buccally and then distally

324
Q

How to investigate a furcation for a maxillary premolar?

A

Check mesially and distallyroot bifurcation loacted at the mid-apical third- unsuitable for root resection

325
Q

How to investigate a furcation for a mandibular molar?

A

Check buccally and linguallyMesial and Distal rootMore around the 6s as hinner buccal bone

326
Q

What difference does a furcation have on a mandibular or maxillary molar?

A

Mandibular:- even if severe only buccal and lingual bone plates affetced- as long as no interproximal bone lossMaxillary:- potential for severe damage to the mesial and distal bone areas, affecting adjacent teeth- needs more aggressive strategies

327
Q

How to diagnose a furcation involvement?

A

If you can prod it with your probeRadiographs can confirm your suspicisions and confirm amount of bone loss

328
Q

Differential diagnoses for furcation?

A

Occlusal trauma widens the PDL and causes bone lossDo a sensibility test to identify vital or non-vital

329
Q

How to treat a furcated tooth that is non-vital?

A

Endo treatemnt always prior to periodntal treatment

330
Q

How to treat a furcated tooth that is vital?

A

TRreat as plaque induced periodontal disease and review for further sensibility testing

331
Q

How to clinically assess a furcation?

A

Probe around circumferenceDetermine extentFactors attributing to itMorphologyFactors affecting treatment

332
Q

Best tool for furcations?

A

Nabers

333
Q

Root trunk length affecting RCT?

A

shorter can be exposed but more accessible

334
Q

Root length affecting RCT

A

SHort roots may have little root left invested in bone, reduce functional demands

335
Q

Root form affecting RCT?

A

awkward shapes can make access difficult

336
Q

What part of the furcation anatomy can make RCTs harder?

A

ConcaviitiesAccessory canalsBifurcational ridges

337
Q

What is the definition of cemento enamel projections

A

Enamel below gingival margin

338
Q

What is the defintion of an enamel pearl?

A

Enamel below gingival margin in a pearl shape

339
Q

Name the 3 grades of furcation severity?

A

IIIIII

340
Q

Describe Degree I furcation?

A

Horizontal loss of peridontal support not exceeding 1/3 width of tooth

341
Q

Describe Degree II furcation?

A

Horizontal loss of peridontal support exceeding 1/3 width of tooth, but not encompassing the tota width of furcation area

342
Q

Describe Degree III furcation?

A

Horizontal loss through and through destruction of periodontal tissues in the furcation area

343
Q

Name the potential consequences of furcation involvement?

A

CariesPulpal exposuirePulpal necrosisFUrcal/accessory canal microbial invasion - pulpal death

344
Q

Name the 2 objectives for RCT in furcated teeth?

A

Eliminate microbial plaque from the exposed root surfaceEstablish an anatomy condutive to effective plaque controlNeed a plaque free zone

345
Q

Name the 5 treatment options for a degree I furcation?

A

Repeated scalingMechanical non-surgical debridementFurcationplastyElimate plaque trap via smoothingPokcet elimination surgery

346
Q

Non-surgical therapy for furcation treatment?

A

OHINeeds furcation accessScaling and RSI

347
Q

Wht is the defintion of furcationplasty?

A

a surgical resective treatment to eliminate the interradicular defectB or lingual furcationsTooth substance removed and alveolar crest remodelled at furcation level entrance

348
Q

Name the treatment options for a degree II furcation?

A

FurcationplastyTunnel prepRoot resectionGuided tissue regenEnamel matrix derivativeTooth extarction

349
Q

Name the treatment options for a degree III furcation?

A

Tunnel preproot resectionextraction

350
Q

What is the definition of tunnel preps?

A

surgical treatment for DII and III furcationsNeeds unfused rootsFlap reflectyed and granulation tissues removeed, root surfaces scaled and RSIWidened furcation area - allow easy teepee accessFlaps replaced in more apical areaHigh risk for sensitivity

351
Q

What is the defintion of root resection?

A

Surgical division and removcal of roots of multi-rooted teethGood for uneven bone supportMust seal rootMust devitalise toothBets to RCT beforeMax amount of dentine savedDirect resto after obturation

352
Q

Which root to remove for resection?

A

The root or roots that will elimnate the furcationGreatest amount of bone loss of LoASave better roots, lose worse roots

353
Q

What is the ideal goal for regenaration?

A

regenrate lost attachmentnew formation of cementum, functionally orientated PDL, alveolar bone and gingivaPDL cells have ability to regen

4th Year BDS (21 decks)

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