Post 9/11 Flashcards
3 Pillars of Bush’s Response to 9/11
Counter Terrorism
Pre-emption and pre eminence
Forward strategy for the democratization of the Middle East
Key instutional changes after 9/11
- Creation of the Department of Homeland Security
o Established on November 25, 2002
o Amalgamated some of 15 plus US agencies and offices - Creation of the office of the director of National Intelligence (2004)
o DNI serves as the principla advisor to the President, the HSC, and Homeland security council on intelligence matters related to national security
Replaced Director of the CIA as chief advisor on intellegnece
o DNI serves as the head of the 16 member intelligence community and
o DNI oversees and directs the National Intelligence Program
Collects all information and intelligence of all agencies
Internal efforts to deal with counter terrorism
USA Patriot Act (2001)
Creation of DNI (2004)
Creation of Department of Homeland Security (2002)
external efforts to deal with counter terrorism
- Main efforts
o Intelligence sharing
In regards to Non-state actors
A-culturalness of US Creed
Syria was willing to cooperate
Iran was willing to share information
o International financial cooperation
Attempting to gather intelligence on flows of funds
o Renditions
Suspected terrorists who are captured
• By keeping them outside of America you can avoid the rights they get
• Also local prisoners would kill them
Shipping prisoners to other countries
o Raids on terrorist bases, safe havens and training camps
Bush admin starts using drones to strike terror group leadership targets
• Mainly in safe haven areas of Pakistan
o They also went after enemies of Pakistan too
o Foreign internal defense
American special operation forces, train local forces in counter terrorism techniques
o Attempt to deter terror networks
Use financial networks to threatening the people providing funds
o Increased use of drones
Define Neo-conservative
- American power should be used not just in the defense of American interests but for the promotion of American Principles
o William Kristol
Editor of Weekly standard - Change above all violent change is the essence of human history
- Project for New American Century
define messianic democrat
Republican-neo conservatives
They believe that the US should use its power to spread and advance its values around the world.
–often times used through justifications of humanitarian interventions
–worked with liberal interventionists
define power realist
- Use America’s unquestioned power advantage to advance and secure US interests and security.
What was the view of America in the turn of the century
- United States sole power in the world o Unilateral system o American HyperPower Stronger than everybody else by far o Madaline Albright US is the indispensable nation US Ambassador to UN 1993-97 Secretary of State 1997-2001 o Soft Power is important for drawing international social support
define pragmatic multilateralist
Pragmatic Multilateralist: believe in working through IO’s as the best way to advance American interests by ensuring Allies
- Powell
- Armitage
They often resort to use of military force last however if you do intervene you should go all in
Main Characteristics of Neo-Cons
- Not a coherent ideology
- A tendency to see the world in a binary good/evil terms
- Low tolerance for diplomacy
- Readiness to use military force
- Emphasis on US unilateral action
- Disdain for multilateral organizations
- Focus on the middle east
- An US-versus-them mentality
What is Military Primacy
A Neo-Con view
- Our military must:
o Assure our allies and friends;
Dissuade future military competition
Deter threats against US interests, allies and friend
Decisivley defeat any adversay if deterrence fails (powell and windeburg documents)
National Security Strategy of the United States
20 September, 2002
Why was unilateralism important for the Bush Admin
- A key critique of Bush Admin was that shifted US policy from Multilateralism to unilateralism
- Indispensable nation, we act you act
Key aspects of the Obama administration post 9/11
- A zeroing in on the organizations senior leaders
- Enhanced cooperation with allies and partners to defeat the extremist scourge
- A sustained effort to restore Americas image and leadership in the world
o John Brennan June 2011
President Obama’s initial counterterrorism advisor - Tries to close Guantanamo bay
o Became increasingly problematic and didn’t occur
—-made it a campaign statement
What was the problem with closing Guantanamo bay
Senate Democrats said yesterday they would strip $80 million from a war funding bill meant to be used to close the prison, leaving Obama with no money to move forward. Both political parties have demanded a more detailed plan for what would happen to the approximately 240 prisoners held at Guantanamo: nobody wants detainees to end up in their own district
What was a key distinction between Bush and Obama’s security policy
- Key shift was the increased use of drone strikes
o Targeted strikes
Identified individuals are targeted, specifically
o Signature strikes
Long term surveillance, watching for patterns of behaviour, which results in suspected terrorism and ends in striking them. - Drone strikes distrubt the planning phases for attacks
- Wanted to install a framework for how drones are to be used
What are the key aspects of the Patriot Act
Passed very quickly in the aftermath of 9/11
• 8 weeks
What does it do
• Dramatically reduced daily freedom of American public and restrictions in law enforcement agencies, gathering of intelligence within the United States
• Expanded the authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities and
• Broadened the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism related acts
Starts to impinge on the rights of American freedoms
What are the concepts of pre-emanation and pre-eminence
- Pre-emtion
o If you start to develop WMD you will be attacked
o We will not permit the worlds regimes to create weapons that pose a threat to us
Explain the Forward strategy for the democratization of the Middle East
- Who is the enemy
o The US will use this opportunity to extend the benefits of freedom across the globe.
o Weak states pose just as much of a state compared to strong states - Who is the enemy
o Unfree people and captive states
They hate us because they can’t be us
What were the principles of the New American Century
we need to increase defense spending significantly if we are
to carry out our global responsibilities today and
modernize our armed forces for the future;
•we need to strengthen our ties to democratic allies and to
challenge regimes hostile to our interests and values;
•we need to promote the cause of political and economic
freedom abroad;
•we need to accept responsibility for America’s unique role in
preserving and extending an international order friendly
to our security, our prosperity, and our principles.
Examples of Messianic democrats
Cheney Libby John Bolton (Also a power realist) Paul Wolfowitz Feith
How would you describe Condoleezza Rice
The (Ostensible) Mediator as NSA 2001-2005
Generally seen as not very good at this
Secretary of State 2005-2009
Realist -Multilateralist
What was the Powell Docterine
Powell the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)
created Powell Doctrine which argued, that the US should use force only as a last resort against clear threats, and even then only if the American public were prepared to support the use of overwhelming force
How did Dalder and Lindsey classify Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle
Are often called NEOCONs however they classify them as democratic imperialist’s. They argued their goal was that the US should actively deploy its overwhelming military, economic and political might to remake the world in its image, and that doing this would serve the interest of outer countries
What would you classify Bush as
He is not a NEOCon more rooted in power realisim. Focus on clarity
