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Deviance: Exam 1 > Positivist > Flashcards

Positivist Flashcards

1
Q

Free will/Rational Choice Theories

A

People do a cost befit analysis before acting

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2
Q

general deterrence

A

intended to deter the public from committing crimes

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3
Q

specific deterrence

A

Specific punishment is meant to deter criminals from committing more crime.

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4
Q

Routine Activities Theory

A

that criminal behavior will take place when and where there is a conjunction of three elements or factors:

  1. The motivated offender
  2. A suitable target (VIVA)
  3. The absence of a capable guardian.
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5
Q

suitable target: VIVA

A

Value - $$$
Inertia - Easy to move?
Visibility - Can be seen?
Access - Can get to it?

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6
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

social disorganization indirectly contributes to crime rates through its effect on a neighborhood’s social ties and level of informal social control

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7
Q

Socially organized neighborhood characteristics

A

solidarity, cohesion, integration

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8
Q

Solidarity

A

internal consensus on important norms and values such as a crime free community

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9
Q

Cohesion

A

strong bonds among neighbors

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10
Q

Integration

A

social interaction among residents

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11
Q

Socially Disorganization neighborhood characteristics

A

Poverty
Residential mobility
Racial/ethnic heterogeneity
Other ecological factors (e.g. divorce rates, unemployment)

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12
Q

Socially organized neighborhood have high levels of informal social control, which help to lower crime

A

Informal surveillance
Movement-governing rules – avoidance of areas in or near neighborhoods viewed as unsafe
Direct intervention, or the questioning of strangers and residents about suspicious activities

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13
Q

Merton’s Strain/Anomie Theory

A

a disjunction between culturally defined goals and structurally available opportunities = deviance

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14
Q

Conformity

A

accepting both society-approved goals and means

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15
Q

Innovation

A

Use of illegitimate (or deviant) means to achieve socially accepted/promoted high success goals

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16
Q

Ritualism

A

abandoning high success goals but pursuing legitimate work

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17
Q

Retreatism

A

withdrawal from goals and means of society

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18
Q

Rebellion

A

Rejection of prevailing social expectations and support for overthrowing the system (i.e. social institutions, bureaucracy)

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19
Q

Differential Opportunity Theory

A

that the type of delinquency that strained youth pursue depends on the criminal opportunities available to them

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20
Q

Learning structures

A

opportunities to learn values and skills to achieve culturally defined goals (lower classes have more opportunity to learn criminal means)

21
Q

Performance structures

A

opportunities to learn and be rewarded for certain behaviors (lower classes have more opportunity to be rewarded for delinquent behaviors)

22
Q

Criminal subcultures

A

occur when commitment to conventional goals but lack legitimate opportunity

23
Q

Conflict subcultures

A

lack of learning structures to commit crimes above; more socially disorganized; violent gangs give high status to good fighters (performance structures conducive to violence/aggressive behavior)

24
Q

Retreatist subcultures

A

lack of both learning and performance structures – drug use is common

25
Q

General Strain Theory

A

individuals who experience strains or stressors often experience negative emotions and sometimes cope with crime

26
Q

Institutional Anomie Theory

A

Economic values penetrate and weaken non-economic institutions leading to lower levels of social control over self-serving behaviors, including deviance & crime

27
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

People learn through interactions
Positive definitions of deviance increase the likelihood of deviant behavior
4 modalities: Priority, Intensity, Frequency, Duration

28
Q

Priority

A

the earlier in one’s life one is exposed to favorable definitions (attitudes and values) of crime, the greater the likelihood one will commit a crime

29
Q

Intensity

A

the closer more intimate the friends, relatives, and acquaintances that endorse criminal behavior (express favorable definitions of crime), the more likely one will commit a crime

30
Q

Frequency

A

the more frequently one associates with those who express favorable definitions of crime, the more likely one will commit a crime

31
Q

Duration

A

the longer one associates with those who express favorable definitions of crime, the more likely one will commit crime

32
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Differential Association
Definitions
Differential Reinforcement
Imitation

33
Q

Differential Association

A

argues that crime is a behavior that is learned from others who feel that criminal behavior is acceptable

34
Q

Definitions

A

justifications from offender/deviant to rationalize certain inappropriate behaviors, which allow them to square their self-images with the obvious harm of their actions

35
Q

Differential Reinforcement

A

a concept which explains how certain types of rewards and punishments have a different effect on certain types of people – operant conditioning

36
Q

Imitation

A

Individuals learn how to make the decision to engage in crime by modeling other criminals’ behavior

37
Q

Social Control Theory (Bonding Theory)

A

A juvenile is more likely to engage in delinquent acts when he or she’s bond to society is weak or broken.

  1. Attachment
  2. Commitment
  3. Involvement
  4. Belief
38
Q

Attachment

A

positive bonds with individuals and legitimate institutions in society

39
Q

Commitment

A

dedication to legitimate, conventional goals

40
Q

Involvement

A

spending time doing conventional activities

41
Q

Belief

A

worldview that crime is unacceptable

42
Q

Self-Control Theory (The General Theory of Crime)

A

Lack of self-control leads to more deviant behavior.

43
Q

Low Self-Control traits

A

such as impulsivity, insensitivity, self-centeredness, and lower-than-average intelligence.

44
Q

Life-course perspective

A

Use socio-structural factors and social processes to explain delinquency and crime in terms of patterns of change and the continuity between childhood behavior and later adulthood outcomes
Age Increases -> Criminal behavior decreases

45
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

add something good to encourage behavior

46
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

take away something bad to encourage behavior

47
Q

Positive Punishment

A

add something bad to discourage behavior

48
Q

Negative punishment

A

take away something good to discourage behavior

49
Q

VIVA

A

Value
Inertia- easy to move?
Visible
Access

Deviance: Exam 1 (3 decks)

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