Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IPES > positive findings and indications > Flashcards

positive findings and indications Flashcards

1
Q

Pulse Rate
Normal Rate: 50-90 bpm

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

< 50bpm = Bradycardia: hypothyroidism, well trained athlete

> 90bpm = Tachycardia: hyperthyroidism, caffeine, nervousness,
exercise, hypertension

Pulse missing on one side =
Stenosis, blocked artery, TOS or intermittent
claudication

Arrhythmia = Decrease = hypervolemia, heart failure, aortic stenosis,
atherosclerosis
Increase = fever, exercise, hypothyroidism, anemia,
aortic regurgitation, Arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiratory Rate
Normal Rate: 12-20 rpm

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

< 50rpm =Bradypnea: old age, well trained athlete, diabetic
coma, increased intracranial pressure

> 90rpm =Tachypnea: hyperthermia, anxiety, restrictive lung
disease (COPD), elevated diaphragm, pleurisy

Hyperpnea (hyperventilation) = Rapid deep breathing caused by exercise, anxiety,
metabolic acidosis, brainstem damage

Orthopnea = Shortness of breath
Paroxysmal Nocturnal

Dyspnea = Shortness of breath after a period of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Temperature
Normal Rate: 96.4-99.1° F

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

< 96.4°F = Hypothermia: cold drink, old age, slow metabolism,
nutritional deficiency, hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia

> 99.1°F = Pyrexia (fever): emotion, infection, exercise, hot drink,
trauma, acute immune disorder, hyperthyroidism

> 106 °F = Hyperpyrexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood Pressure
Normal Rate: 120/80mmHg

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

20-139mmHg (systolic) or 80-
89mmHg (diastolic) = Pre-hypertension

140-159mmHg (systolic) or 90-
99mmHg (diastolic) = Stage 1 Hypertension: stress, obesity, high blood
viscosity, type II diabetes mellitus, high
cholesterol, atherosclerosis

> =160mmHg (systolic) or
=100mmHg (diastolic) = Stage 2 Hypertension

80-89mmHg = Pre-hypotension

< 90mmHg (systolic) or <
60/50mmHg (diastolic) = Hypotension: hypothyroidism, thin/small person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Confrontation (CN2 - Optic)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Patient cannot see your fingers
when you do = Scotoma (blind spot), diminished peripheral
vision, glaucoma, macular degeneration, MS,
CN2 lesion, retinal disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cardinal Fields of Gaze (CN3 - Oculomotor, CN4 - Trochlear, CN6 - Abducens)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Nystagmus (eye has trouble
following the pen; staggering,
shaking) = Eye not following laterally – CN6: Abducens
(lateral rectus muscle)
Eye doesn’t go down and OUT (clinical test) –
CN4: Trochlear (superior oblique muscle)

Strabissmus (eye doesn’t follow)= in All directions – CN3: Oculomotor (med,
sup. Inf. Rectus, inf. Oblique muscles)
Lesion to eye muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Accomodation (CN3 - Oculomotor - Medial Rectus muscle)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Eyes do no converge = Lesion to CN3 - Oculomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex (CN2 - Optic, CN3 - Oculomotor)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Eye does not constrict = Damage to Edinger-Westphal Nucleus (tertiary syphilis) or CN3 - Oculomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Levator Palpebrae Superioris (CN 3 - Oculomotor)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Any grade (1-5) less than 5, pain (ask) = CN3 – Oculomotor lesion

Right side is stronger = Left sided CN3 – Oculomotor lesion

Left side is stronger = Right sided CN3 – Oculomotor lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Corneal Reflex (CN 5 – Ophthalmic Divison of Trigeminal: Sensory, CN 7 – Facial: Motor to Orbicularis Oculi)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

One or both eyes fail to
blink= Afferent or sensory loss to CN5 (trigeminal)
Or Efferent or motor loss to CN7 (facial) to Orbicularis
Oculi Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Light test - Ophthalmoscope

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

No red reflex= cataracts

AV nicking/hemorrhaging = Retinopathy

Papilledema = Increased intracranial pressure

Increased cup to disc ratio (>1:2) = Glaucoma

Macular Degeneration = Old age

Cotton wool patches = Diabetes, hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gross Hearing (CN 8 – Cochlear)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Patient fails to hear or Asymmetry = Hearing Loss (must do further tests)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Weber’s Test (top of head, confirms Gross hearing)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Lateralization to bad/impaired ear = Conductive hearing loss due to obstruction (ex: wax), otitis media, tympanic membrane rupture

Lateralization to good ear = Sensory neural hearing loss (CN8 - Cochlear) due to presbycusis (old age regeneration), excessive loud noise, cochlear damage, otitis interna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Renee’s Test (Bone conduction vs. air conduction,
confirms Weber’s)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Bone conduction > or = air conduction (Example: 4:1) = Conductive hearing loss

Bone conduction < air conduction overall time is diminished w/2:1 ratio intact (Example: 2:1) = Sensory neural hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Otoscope

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Absence of cone of light = Intracranial pressure

Redness in canal (w/ purulent effusion) = Otitis Media: acute (no pain), externa (pain)

Bony exostoses around perimeter = Swimmer’s Ear (common in children)

Perforated tympanic membrane = Trauma caused by sharp object put into ear

Amber Fluid behind eardrum =Serous effusion

Large chalky white patch= tympanosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
Cervical Palpation – Lymph Nodes: 
Pre-auricular
Post-auricular
Occipital
Tonsillar
Submandibular
Submental
Anterior/superficial cervical
Posterior
Deep cervical (tilt head to relax SCM)
Supraclavicular (sentinel)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Enlarged, warm, tender = Active infection

Not warm, non-tender, rubbery = Past infection

Hard, fixed, non-tender, not warm = Malignancy, cancer

Rubbery, warm, non-tender, larger than 1cm = lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cervical Palpation – Other Glands
Submandibular
Parotid

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Enlarged Parotid Gland = MUMPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gag Reflex (CN9 - Glossopharyngeal, CN10 - vagus)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

No elevation upon touch = Afferent CN9 (Glossopharyngeal) Lesion

Asymmetrical elevation of palate
upon touch – uvula deviates away
from side of lesion = Efferent CN10 (Vagus) lesion on side that didn’t
elevate (opposite uvula deviation)

One side non-response = Vagus lesion (CN 10) motor

Bilateral non-response = Glossopharyngeal lesion (CN 9) sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vernet-Rideau (CN 10 - Vagus)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Deviation of uvula to one side = Lesion of CN 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nose Palpation and Rhinoscopy

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Redness, pale/blue mucosa, nasal polyps= Allergies, infection/inflammation

Deviated septum = trauma

Perforated septum = drug use (Cocaine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Motor to CN5 – Trigeminal (“Bite Test”)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

< 5 = CN5 lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sensory to CN5 –Trigeminal (“Sharp vs. Dull”)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Cannot sense = Anesthesia

Oversensitivity = Hyperesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression (CN 7 – Facial)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Asymmetry, muscle weakness = Damage to Facial nerve, Bell’s Palsey

24
Q

Spinal Accessory (CN11)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

< 5 = CN11 lesion

25
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN 12)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Tongue deviation = Deviates to same side as lesion

Muscle test (pressure using tongue) = Lesion on weak side

26
Q 
Dermatomes
C5 lateral bicep
C6 thumb
C7 pointer and middle fingers (both sides!) radial nerve dorsal, median nerve ventral
C8 pinky and ring finger
T1 medial biceps (arms straight out)
L1 inguinal ligament
L2 medial thigh
L3 above knee cap
L4 below knee to big toe
L5 side of foot, pinky toe
S1 back of calf

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Anesthesia, hypoesthesia = Hyposensitivity, Hypoalgesia

Peripheral neuropathy, Radiculopathy

27
Q

Tromner’s- flick up

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Clawing of fingers or adduction of thumb = Corticospinal Tract lesion

28
Q

Hoffman’s- flick down

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Clawing of fingers or adduction of thumb = Corticospinal Tract lesion

29
Q

Rosselimos- hammer on MCP heads

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Flexion of all digits = Corticospinal Tract lesion

30
Q

Babinski Sign

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Extension of great toe, abduction of little toes (babinski’s sign) = Corticospinal Tract lesion

31
Q

Oppenheim’s- medial tibia with knuckles

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Babinski’s sign = Corticospinal Tract lesion

32
Q

Chaddocks lateral malleolus

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Babinski’s sign = Corticospinal Tract lesion

33
Q

Schaeffer’s Sign- foot hanging, squeeze Achilles

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Babinski’s sign = Corticospinal Tract lesion

34
Q

Gordon’s- squeeze calf

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Babinski’s sign = Corticospinal Tract lesion

35
Q

Ganda- 4th toe into flexion

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Babinski’s sign = Corticospinal Tract lesion

36
Q

Mendel Bechterew- tap
outside of foot (Cuboid)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Babinski’s sign = Corticospinal Tract lesion

37
Q

Dorsal columns (2 point discrimination, vibration and joint position sense) what tests would you do?

A

Statognosis- ability to recognize up or down position of joint Test at least 2 fingers and 2 toes

Arthrostesia- move the finger in diff. directions

Graphesthesia- discern shapes, letters, numbers, etc

Stereognosis- Identify household objects

inability to correctly discern = posterior column dysfunction

38
Q

Jaw Jerk

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Jaw Jerk =
a)Hypo: LMN or trigeminal nerve dysfunction

b) Hyper: UMN or corticobulbar tract dysfunction

39
Q

Upper Extremity myotomes
C5-Deltoid (axillary), Biceps brachii (musculocutaneous)

C6-Wrist Extensor Group(deep radial), Brachioradialis (radial)

C7-Triceps brachii (radial), Wrist Flexor Group(medial), Finger Extensors (radial)

C8- Finger Flexors (FD superficialis and
profunda) (median)

T1- Palmar and Dorsal Interossei (ulnar) ; PAD, DAB

A

Positive (+) finding anything less than 5/5 on one side compared to the other.

Indication =
radiculopathy of respective level,

peripheral neuropathy, individual muscle
pathology

40
Q

Lower extremities myotomes:
L1/ L2- Illiopsoas (Femoral nerve)

L2/L3- Quadriceps Group (Femoral nerve)

L4- quads (femoral) and Tibialis Anterior (deep peroneal)

L5- Extensor Hallicus Longus(Deep peroneal nerve), Extensor Digitorum Longus/ brevis(Superficial fibular nerve), Gluteus Medius (Superior gluteal nerve)

S1- Gastrocnemius, Peroneus Longus and Brevis (Superficial peroneal nerve)

A

Positive (+) finding anything less than 5/5 on one side compared to the other.

if grade is

41
Q

dermatomes

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Anesthesia or Hypoesthesia = Hyposensitivity
Hypoalgesia
Peripheral neuropathy
Spinal Radiculopathy

Unilateral Hypoesthesia = Spinal Radiculopathy

42
Q

C5 DTR

Biceps Reflex

A

Hyporeflexia - C5 spinal radiculopathy or lesion to musculocutaneous nerve

Hyperreflexia (Clonus: violent/spastic paralysis)= lesion of corticospinal tract
Clonus: violent/spastic paralysis

43
Q

C6 DTR

Brachioradialis reflex

A

Hyporeflexia = C6 spinal radiculopathy or lesion to radial nerve

Hyperreflexia = Lesion of corticospinal tract on involved side

44
Q

C7 DTR triceps

A

Hyporeflexia = C7 spinal radiculopathy or
Radial neuropathy

Hyperreflexia = Lesion of corticospinal tract on involved side

45
Q

L4 DTR patellar knee jerk

A

Hyporeflexia = L4 spinal radiculopathy or
femoral neuropathy
Hyperreflexia = Lesion of corticospinal tract on involved side

46
Q

L5 DTR semitendinosus

A

Hyporeflexia = L5 spinal radiculopathy or
sciatic neuropathy
Hyperreflexia = Lesion of corticospinal tract on involved side

47
Q

S1 DTR achilles tendon

A

Hyporeflexia= S1 spinal radiculopathy or
peripheral neuropathy
Hyperreflexia = Lesion of corticospinal tract on involved side

48
Q

What tests do we do to test the posterior columns?

A 
Light Touch (Anterior SpinoThalamic Tract)
Vibration Sense (Pallesthesia)
Statognosis
Arthrostesia
Graphesthesia
Stereognosis
49
Q

Vibration Sense (Pallesthesia)

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

apallesthesia- lesion to fasciculus cuneatus (T6 &above) or fasciculus gracilis (T7 & below)

50
Q

Statognosis

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

inability to discern whether the joint is
up or down = fasciculus cuneatus (T6 &
above), fasciculus gracilis (T7 & below)

51
Q

Arthrostesia

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

inability to distinguish anarthrostsia-inability to sense joint moving or not = fasciculus cuneatus (T6 & above), fasciculus gracilis (T7 & below)

52
Q

Graphesthesia

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Agraphesthesia: Patient cannot determine shape = fasciculus cuneatus (T6 & above), fasciculus gracilis (T7 & below)

53
Q

Stereognosis

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Astereognosis: Patient cannot determine what the object is = fasciculus cuneatus (T6 & above), fasciculus gracilis (T7 & below)

54
Q

Superficial Abdominal Reflexes

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

No deviation = adipose tissue, baby,

above umbilicus: UMN of corticospinal tract (T7-T9) below umbilicus: LMN (T10-T12)

55
Q

Beevor’s Sign

what are the positive findings and indications?

A

Deviation to one side if asymmetrical
muscle weakness = lesion to T7-T12 spinal nerves

** the problem is diagonal from the positive sign. ex) if theres a deviation in lower right quadrant; the problem is in upper left spinal nerve) T7-9= upper; T10-12= lower

IPES (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions