Positioning Flashcards
How much should the femur be abducted for the Lauenstein method for hip?
40-45 degrees (with knee flexed 90 degress)
Where is the CR placed for unilateral frog leg projection
mid femoral neck
The Judet Method demostrates the
Acetabulum
Lateral of the hip is also called
Frog or Modified Cleaves or Lauenstein Method
How much should the femur be abducted for the Cleaves Method for the hip?
40-45 degrees
A male pelvis has a ________ angle while female pelvis has a _________
Male - Less than 90 degrees acute
Female - greater than 90 degrees obtuse
Trauma Hip most often used is called
Danellius - Miller or Cross- table lateral or Axiolateral (inferosuperior)
The AP Axial outlet projection for the pelvic ring requires the CR angle to be
20 - 35 degrees females
30 - 45 degrees males
The modified axiolateral trauma hip when both hips can’t be moved is called
Clements - Nakayama Method
Center of AP Hip (with hardware)
1-2” distal to neck of femur (all hardware must be demonstrated)
Three differences in a female and male pelvis are
Males have narrower, deeper and less flared
Angle of the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees
Shape of the inlet is more narrower and more oval or heart shape
The AP Inlet Projection for the pelvic ring requires the CR angle to be
40 degrees caudad
If the femoral neck is foreshortened and the lesser trochanter in profile medially on the radiograph. What is probable cause for positioning
External rotation of the leg and foot
What pathology is best demonstrated with the Judet Method
acetabular fractures
The ankle joint is formed by what 3 bones
Tibia, fibula, talus
The mortise position demonstrates the joint and should have even space over entire _____
Talar surface
When taking patient history for the hip xray, it is important to ask about the prosthesis or any hip surgery for what two reasons
So you can position patient without injuring the site
To make sure you center lower to include all the hardware
A 15 degrees internal rotation of the ankle in AP oblique projection is called the
Mortise Projection
What is the difference between the AP Mortise and AP oblique ankle projections for positioning?
AP Mortise - 15-20 degrees internal rotation
AP Oblique - 45 degrees internal rotation
Which malleolus is longer and is extension of the fibula
Lateral Malleolus
What are inversion/eversion of the ankle for?
Stress views that are used to demonstrate ligament damage
Positioning for the AP Mortise with how many degrees medial rotation
15-20 degrees medial rotation, centered to ankle (demonstrates ankle mortise)
The ankle is what type of joint, with what type of movement?
Synovial Joint, sellar or saddle type, movement is flexion, extension
How many tarsals are there?
Seven
Calcaneus, Cuboid, Talus, Navicular, and the medial, middle and lateral cuneiforms.
Where can you find sesamoid bones in the foot?
Embedded in tendons, near joints, plantar surface
Special projection for the foot to show longitudinal arches?
AP and Lateral weight-bearing, CR 15 degrees posterior to base of metatarsal
Does Lisfranc joint injury of the foot, requires a decrease or increase in technique?
Increase to penetrate tarsal region
What is the common trauma site for the foot that provide attachment of a tendon, and what is the projection for this
Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
Oblique Medial of the foot
Longest and strongest bone
Femur
Name three knee positions that are tunnel projections
Beclere, Camp-Coventry, Homblad
Name two tangential knee projections
Merchant, Sunrise
Difference between medial and lateral epicondyle of the knee is the presence of
Adductor tubercle on the posterior side of the medial condylethat receives the tendon of the adductor muscle
What do all tunnel view demostrate
Intercondylar Fossa
How do you position patient in Camp Coventry Method
Patient supine, flex knee 40-50 degrees, CR to knee joint or popliteal depression, perpendicular ti tib/fib, 40 SID
The Settegast Method is also called inferosuperior projection requires the knne flexed _____ degrees and the CR angle _____ to the lower legs
40-45 degrees, 10-15 degrees
The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with
The tibia
Why must the CR angle for a lateral knee be 5-7 degrees cephalad
The medial femoral condyle extends lower than the lateral femoral condyle when the femoral shaft is vertical
What is the largest joint space of the human body
Cavity of the knee joint
Beclere Method (AP Axial) for tunnel knee requires ______ degree knee flexion, CR angle of ______ degrees and CR centered ______
40-45 degrees knee flexion
40-45 degrees cephalad
CR 1/2 inch distal to apex of patella
Holmblad Method (PA Axial) for tunnel knee requires _____ degree knee flexion, CR angle of ______ degrees.
60-70 degree knee flexion
CR perpendicular to IR (no angulation)
The term engorgement literally means
Distended or swollen with fluid
___________ is an excess of blood partially resulting to from a relaxation of the distal small blood vessels or arterioles.
Hyperemia
An _______ position in general tends to minimize the engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels, whereas ________ position will increase this, w/c can change the radiographic appearance of these vessel and the lungs in general.
Erect
Supine
Chest radiographs if taken AP instead of PA at 72 inches will cause
Increased magnification of the heart shadow
On a true PA chest, what is the evident that there is no rotation
Both the right and left sternal ends of the clavicles will be the same distance from the center of the spine
The seperation of the posterior ribs resulting from divergence of the xray beam at the commonly used 72inches (180cm) SID should only be _______, anymore seperation than this indicates rotation of the thorax from a true lateral position.
1/4 to 1/2 inches or about 1cm.
What is the evidence that a lateral chest have excessive rotation
Amount of separation of the right and left posterior ribs
Separation of two costiphrenic angles
Vertebra prominens corresponds to the level of ______ and the uppermost margin of the apex of the lungs.
T1
The CR for PA chest is at the
Level of T7 (midthorax)
Also near at the level of inferior angle of scapula on average px
3-4 inches below the jugular notch
____________ is an irreversible dilation or widening of the bronchi or bronchioles resulting from repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction.
Bronchiectasis
Increase exposure factor
___________ is a form of persistent obstruction of airway caused bu either emphysema or chronic bronchitis.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Decrease exposure factor
___________ irreversible and chronic lung dissease, in which alveoli air spaces become greatly enlarged as a result of alveolar wall destruction and loss of alveolar elasticity.
Emphysema
Decrease exposure factor depend on severity
________ shortness of breath which creates a sensation of difficulty in breathing, most common in older persons.
Dyspnea
For possible fluid in pleural cavity (pleural effusion), the suspected side should be ______.
Down
For possible small amounts of air in pleural cavity, the affected side should be ______.
UP
A ________ beam must be used to show air-fluid level or pneumothorax.
Horizontal beam
If patient is weak and unstable and/or not able to assume yhe lordotic position, an ___________ projection may be taken with the patient erect or supine position with back against table or IR.
AP Semi-Axial Projection
The central ray for AP Semi-Axial Projection is ________ degrees cephalad to the mid sternum
15-20
For anterior oblique of the chest, the side of interest is generally the side ________ from the IR. Thus the RAO will best visualize the ______ lung.
Farthest
Left Lung
Certain positions for studies of the heart require an LAO with an increase in rotation to ______ degrees.
60
Less rotation _______ degrees may be of value for better visualization of the various areas of the lungs for possible pulmonary disease.
15-20
Posterior obliques of the chest best visualize the side _______ to the IR.
Closest
Soft tissue lateral is frequently taken to rule out ________, which may be life threatening for a young child.
Epiglottitis
If the area of interest is primarily the larynx and upper trachea, the IR and CR should be
Laryngeal Prominence (C5)
If the are of interest is the distal larynx and upper and mid trachea, the IR and CR should be
At the upper jugular notch (T1)
Respiration for upper airway is during a _____________ to ensure filling trachea and upper airway with air.
Slow, deep inspiration
Vertebra prominence is at level of
C7