Positioning

Question 1

standard projections for a hand radiograph?

Answer 1

Dorsipalmar and oblique

Question 2

centring point for a DP hand radiograph

Answer 2

3rd metacarpal-phalangeal joint

Question 3

centring point for an oblique hand radiograph

Answer 3

centre over the head of the 5th metacarpal, angle tube to have central ray through the head of the third metacarpal

Question 4

what anatomy to include for a hand radiograph

Answer 4

distal phalanges and soft tissue, lateral soft tissue, distal end of radius and ulna

Question 5

standard projections for a finger radiograph

Answer 5

DP and lateral

Question 6

centring point for a DP finger

Answer 6

centre over the proximal interphalangeal joint of the affected finger

Question 7

what to include in a DP finger radiograph

Answer 7

include the affected finger and one adjacent finger, distal phalanges and soft tissue, distal 1/3 of metacarpals, lateral soft tissue

Question 8

centring point for a lateral finger radiograph

Answer 8

centre beam over the PIP of the affected finger

Question 9

standard projections for a wrist radiograph

Answer 9

a PA and lateral view

Question 10

centring point for a PA wrist radiograph

Answer 10

centre beam midway b/w the ulnar and radial styloid processes

Question 11

centring point for a lateral wrist radiograph

Answer 11

styloid process of the radius

Question 12

anatomy to include for a wrist radiograph

Answer 12

include the proximal 2/3 of the metacarpals, the soft tissue laterally, the distal 1/3 of radius and ulna

Question 13

what considerations must be made when moving from the PA wrist position to the lateral?

Answer 13

rotate the UL by the humerus so that the radius also moves, provides a new view of the ulna

Question 14

what are the standard projections for radiograph of the forearm?

Answer 14

AP and lateral

Question 15

what is the centring point for an AP forearm

Answer 15

centre the beam midway between the elbow and wrist joints

Question 16

what is the centring point for the lateral forearm?

Answer 16

midway between the elbow and wrist joints

Question 17

anatomy to include for a forearm radiograph?

Answer 17

include the wrist joint distally, elbow joint proximally, lateral soft tissues

Question 18

standard projections for an elbow radiograph?

Answer 18

AP and lateral

Question 19

centring point for an AP elbow

Answer 19

centre 2.5cm distal to the medial and lateral epicondyles in the midline

Question 20

anatomy to include for an AP elbow

Answer 20

include the distal 1/3 of the humerus, the proximal 1/3 of radius, soft tissue laterally

Question 21

centring point for a lateral elbow radiograph?

Answer 21

the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Question 22

standard projections for a humerus radiograph?

Answer 22

AP and lateral

Question 23

Centring point for an AP humerus

Answer 23

midway between the elbow and the glenohumeral joint

Question 24

anatomy to include for a humerus radiograph

Answer 24

elbow joint distally, glenohumeral joint proximally, lateral skin margins

Question 25

centring point for a lateral humerus radiograph

Answer 25

midway between the elbow and glenohumeral joint

Question 26

standard projections for a shoulder radiograph

Answer 26

AP, Y (lateral projection), superoinferior projection

Question 27

how many degrees do you rotate patient for an AP shoulder?

Answer 27

rotate 15 degrees towards affected side

Question 28

centring point for AP shoulder

Answer 28

coracoid process (2cm inferior to it)

Question 29

what must you ensure for a y projection of shoulder

Answer 29

hand on tummy or back, medial and lateral borders of the scapula superimposed

Question 30

centring point for y projection of the shoulder

Answer 30

centre to the glenohumeral joint

Question 31

centring point for supero-inferior shoulder

Answer 31

centre of the glenohumeral joint

Question 32

standard projections for tibia and fibula

Answer 32

AP and lateral

Question 33

centring point for AP tib/fib

Answer 33

midshaft of the tibia

Question 34

centring point for lateral tib/fib

Answer 34

midshaft of tibia

Question 35

anatomy to include for a tib/fib radiograph

Answer 35

knee and ankle joints, lateral soft tissue

Question 36

standard projections for radiograph of the foot

Answer 36

DP, DPO and lateral for ? foreign body

Question 37

centring point for DP foot?

Answer 37

b/w cuboid/navicular joint (midways b/w palpable tuberosity of 5th metatarsal and navicular tuberosity)

Question 38

angulation for DP foot radiograph?

Answer 38

place detector on a 15 degree foam pad to aid positioning, use vertical x-ray tube detector parallel to table, angle tube cranially 15 degrees

Question 39

degree and direction of rotation in a DPO foot radiograph

Answer 39

lean affected foot medially so the plantar aspect of the foot is 30-45 degrees from the detector

Question 40

centring point for DPO foot

Answer 40

centre over the cuboid-navicular joint

Question 41

lateral radiograph of foot centring point

Answer 41

centre over the point of entry if ? foreign body, if whole foot to be examined, centre over the navicular cuneiform joint

Question 42

essential image characteristics of a foot radiograph

Answer 42

medial and lateral malleoli, tarsal, metatarsal bones, phalanges (prox, middle, distal), skin margins

Question 43

standard projections of toes

Answer 43

DP and oblique

Question 44

centring point for DP projection of toes

Answer 44

centre over the MTPJ of the affected toe, collimate to include the adjacent toe

Question 45

describe DP to DPO toes

Answer 45

medially lean foot so plantar aspect 45 degrees to the receptor.

Question 46

lateral great toe radiograph centring point

Answer 46

centre over the MTPJ

Question 47

standard views for a scapula radiograph

Answer 47

AP and lateral

Question 48

describe positioning and centring point for AP scapula

Answer 48

Patient's back to Bucky, rotate 15 degrees towards affected side. centre b/w inferior and superior border of the scapula at the midclavicular line collimate to include the whole scapula and a bit of the glenohumeral joint

Question 49

describe positioning and centring point for a lateral scapula

Answer 49

patient faces bucky, affected hand across chest, scapula parallel to the detector (body about 50 degrees from detector) centre over middle of medial border of the scapula