Portugal Flashcards

Question

Indigenous or international grapes in Portugal?

Answer 1

Profusion of indigenous grapes (known in different regions under different names). For vinhos regionais international varieties are planted; eg Syrah, CS, blended with local varieties

Answer 2

'Beyond the Tagus'. South east of Lisbon, stretching to Spanish frontier. Is cork oak region. Continental climate, very low rainfall, hot summers. Soils predominately loam, mixed with granite and schist

Answer 3

Trincadeira: Dark plummy wines, hints of chocolate and coffee, further enhanced when aged in oak. Aragonez contributes to blends or bottled separately.

Answer 4

Walled vineyard

Answer 5

Central South Coast (NR Lisbon) Maritime Alluvial River Plans Fernao Pires (Neutral White) Castelao Frances/ Perquita (Red crisp acid and Raspberry fruit)

Answer 6

``` Coast South of Lisbon Warm Maritime Limestone Hills Sandy Plains Mechanised and stainless steel ```

Answer 7

Jaen- lighter tannins Touriga Nacional Tina Roriz Encruzado (full bodied nutty white)

Answer 8

From Baga grape (style compared to Nebbiolo). Traditional fermented with stalks, took decades to reach their peak, needed decanting. Modern Baga still plenty of tannins and acidity but more peppery berry fruit.

Answer 9

15% of Bairrada production is white, mainly from highly acidic Bical grape. When made from fully ripe grapes: wonderful exotic, really perfume which becomes toasty with age.

Answer 10

Baga is the dominant varietal and it makes up a minimum of 50% of the red blends and some of the best reds found in Portugal

Answer 11

Baga (Red) | Bical (White)

Answer 12

Like Nebb, Restrained fruit, High acid, High tannin (harsh), Decades of aging needed new styles destemmed, less tannic, pepper and berry.

Answer 13

High acid nutty in Barriada

Answer 14

Cruzeta (high cordon) on older plantings. | Double cordon wires for recent

Answer 15

Alvarinho- northern Monaco DOC Loureiro Paderna

Answer 16

Traditionally Malo gave CO2 prickle | Now MLF avoided CO2 injected.

Answer 17

Below 11.5% unless Alvarinho

Answer 18

South of Duero, 80K inland. Plateau 200/ 400m above sea level Sheltered by mountains

Answer 19

Fashionable. Lafite Rothchilds invested in 90s. Inland South Central. Few wine traditions so innovative.

Answer 20

Vinho Verde

Answer 21

High to low= DOCs> IPRs> Vinho Regional> Vinho De Mesa

Answer 22

``` Med= inland and to the South Maritime= Coastal areas ```

Answer 23

Estremadura

Answer 24

Pre-Cambian schist and decomposed schist with outcroppings of granite and small areas of sand, Quartz and clay

Answer 25

Vineyard ranking system in the Oporto: soil composition, production, slope, stoniness, locality, altitude, shelter, sun exposure/ aspect, grape varieties, training method, age of vines, density- graded A through F

Answer 26

A young wine made for early consumption

Answer 27

Town in Oporto, at one point it was the only place where you could legally store and ship port

Answer 28

``` Touriga Nacional Tinta Cao Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo) ```

Answer 29

North to South: Moncao and Melagco, Lima, Cavado, Basto, Ave, Soussa, Amarante, Baiao, Paiva,

Answer 30

Wine from a single vintage

Answer 31

Alentejo, Rebatejo

Answer 32

Sandy near coast Douro Valley and Dao granite Bairrada- Limestone and clay

Answer 33

Southern inland Portugal continental (Low rain- hot summer). Loam with granite and schist traditional bush vines being replaced with wires. Irrigation permitted. Canopy management experiments

Answer 34

``` Trincadreira- dark plum Aragonez (Tempranillo) Roupeiro- white full body Anjao Vas- white full body Arinto- acidic white ```

Answer 35

Portuguese expanding category for flexibility on grapes eg VR Minho= Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc and Merlot

Answer 36

Mateus and Lancers Roses

Answer 37

Reserva and Garrafeira

Answer 38

Historically trained up trees. Most recently planted in normal double- cordon, traditional ones use Cruzeta (high- trained Cordon system)

Answer 39

Refers to Youth or Greenness, as traditionally latest vintage is drunk

Answer 40

Loureira and Paderna (Riesling like fresh aroma, crisp acidity, by law, alcohol not higher than 11.5%). In North of region, more expensive wines, often single Quintas from Alvarinho (Albariño). Higher in alcohol, little or no CO2, still light, fresh aromatic green apple fruit character.

Answer 41

Traditionally Malolactic Fermentation and bottling during vintage after harvest nowadays Mal. ferm. No longer permitted, but some CO2 is injected

Answer 42

Sweetened by adding some wine whose fermentation has been arrested (no resemblance to wines consumed in Portugal)

Answer 43

1982. Before, light wines where made of grapes that were not needed for production of Port (Beneficio controlled the amount). Since DOC, reputation has grown, some wines most prestigious and expensive of the country

Answer 44

Trad same as port in upper reaches of Douro valley planting of CS, SB and even Gewurz. Best reds from light wine v/ yards: full bodied and fruity, sometimes 'Port- like' aroma, firm tannins and crisp acidity, viticulture is labour- intensive and expensive, fruit vinified with great care, resulting in wines of extremely high quality the whites, particular from high- altitude v/yards shot fresh varietal fruit and crisp acidity

Answer 45

South of Douro, 80 km inland. Name from a tributary of river Mondego. V/yards b/ween 200 and 400m above sea level on plateau of granitic soil. Sheltered on all sides by mountains> much drier than on coast

Answer 46

Wines changed since mid 90s from being dull and heavy to much more fruit character. Jaen: early maturing fruity wines, mainly red deeply coloured, fruity and lighter in tannins and acidity than most Portugese reds, Touriga Nacional: wines to age, Tinta Roriz (temp): tn and tr are used to supply tannins, acids and more fruit to blends. Best white wines are full bodied and rather nutty, made of the Encruzado grape.

Answer 47

Ribatejo DOC, Alentejo DOC, VR Alentejano

Answer 48

Estate Bottled

Answer 49

Grape Variety

Answer 50

Grading system used in the Douro to rank vineyards

Answer 51

1755 an earthquake hit. 40,000 were killed. Country in ruins. Sebastiao de Carvahio established the new government, but also created Vinhas do Alto Douro, Douro Wine Company. Controlled all port, shipments. He ordered all vineyards registered. Also ordered all v/yards on schist rock, as being solely for export.

Answer 52

Among European wine-producing nations, Portugal has been something of a paradox, arguably discussed in the greater world of wine more because of the cork of which it is by far the dominant producer than for its wines. Sitting on the western flank of the Iberian peninsula, this seafaring nation which discovered so much of the new world has long clung firmly to the Old—at least in terms of its tradition of myriad indigenous varieties. Secluded both geographically and, for much of the 20th century until it joined the eu in 1986, politically as well, Portugal has developed in isolation from other countries, including neighbouring spain. However, the sizeable wine industry that has grown up in this small country owes much to foreign trade. Total area under vine has declined from 385,000 ha/951,000 acres in the late 1980s to just under 234,000 ha producing about 7 million hl by the second decade of this century. Although the Portuguese rival the French and trump the Italians in terms of per capita wine consumption, the global financial crisis of 2007/08, which prompted the imposition of austerity measures in 2010, turned Portuguese wine producers’ attention firmly to export markets.

Answer 53

this encouraged single estates, or quintas, to cut their links with local co-operatives or port shippers and to make and market their own more distinctive wines. Private investors who had made millions in other industries injected a new entrepreneurial spirit into the business of winemaking, establishing estates from scratch (notably in the alentejo, whose sprawling, flatter landscape offers relative economies of scale). The co-operatives were forced to adapt to survive and, while some struggled and others went under, some rose to the challenge. In 2011, there were 90 active co-operatives producing 43% of Portuguese wine. Vineyard transformation has inevitably been slower but the benefits of replanting vineyards in varietal blocks rather than traditional field blends, experimentation with non-local and international varieties, plus a considerable amount of research into Portugal’s unique array of indigenous varieties (see below) have become increasingly apparent, especially in the douro, dão, and the alentejo, and more recently tejo and lisboa

Answer 54

Secluded from the rest of the world under Salazar dictatorship (which promoted co-operatives). Joined EU in 1986. Historically co-operatives were the main producers, now a shift is occurring to estates (quintas) with an increase in quality. In the past varieties were mixed in vineyard and plantings of hybrids after phylloxera meant confusion in varietal origin.

Answer 55

Similar to other EU countries: Vinho de mesa- Table wine Vinho Regional- Equivalent to Vin de Pays Denominacao de Origem Controlada (DOC)- Equivalent to appellation controllee Reserva- Term indicates a wine from a single vintage, tasted by a panel and must have more than the minimum alcohol stated for the DOC. Garrafeira- Can apply to all wines, not just DOC level. Must meet Reserva criteria, plus be aged for at least two years in cask, one year in bottle for reds, six months in cask and six months in bottle for whites.

Answer 56

In Portugal, DOC stands for Denominação de Origem Controlada. An alternative term, Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP), introduced after the EU wine market reforms of 2008, is also available but by 2014 had not been widely adopted. On joining the eu in 1986, Portugal undertook revision of its wine laws to bring them into line with other European countries, most notably those of France. Each of the regions which had already been designated a região demarcada (RD) in earlier legislation (bucelas, carcavelos, colares, dão, madeira, setúbal, vinho verde, bairrada, and douro) were subsequently designated as DOCs. The system equates roughly with the French aoc and sets out permitted grape varieties, maximum yields, periods of ageing in bulk and bottle, and analytical standards for specified types of wine. Samples must be submitted to the local body controlling that region’s wine industry, who grant numbered seals of origin to producers whose wines have satisfied the regulations.

Answer 57

The Palace of Mateus near Vila Real just north of the douro Valley in northern Portugal lent its name to Mateus Rosé. Bottled in a flask not unlike the bocksbeutel, this medium-sweet, sparkling rosé blend became one of the world’s most famous wine brands. Created in 1942 by Fernando van Zeller Guedes, it was inspired by his family’s vinho verde, naturally pétillant red and white wines. The sparkling rosé was sweetened to make it more appealing to export markets. Production began at the end of the Second World War (at very much the same time as that of its rival lancers). It was originally successful in Brazil and, while that market collapsed after the war, the brand proved hugely popular in post-war Britain and then the US. At its peak in 1978, Mateus, by then supplemented by a white version, accounted for over 40% of Portugal’s total table wine exports with worldwide sales amounting to 3.5 million cases. A small quantity of Mateus Rosé is still made at Vila Real but most of the wine is now produced at Anadia in bairrada. Faced with falling sales of Mateus in the early 1990s, sogrape, the Guedes family firm which owns the Mateus brand, has diversified into other areas, including port. Surfing the wave of popularity enjoyed by rosés this century by launching a Mateus Rosé Tempranillo made in valencia, a pink Shiraz (sic) from France, and, in a break with tradition, two still varietally blended rosés bottled in Bordeaux bottles. The original Mateus blend is now labelled ‘The Original’.

Answer 58

Long tradition of UK-Portugal commercial relationship - since 12th: wines shipped from Minho - 1703: Methuen that gave Portuguese wines tax advantages to export to UK. Birth of Port industry. 1756: Portugal becomes to country to 18-19th: expansion to the US Late 19th: Phylloxera devastated vineyards; some Portuguese regions that never recovered from it. 1937-74: Salazar’s dictatorship; country is isolated. 1937: Junta Nacional de Vinho - a program of co-operativisation of the wine industry w over 100 winery cooperatives built mostly in northern Portugal. Inflexible system led to drop in quality. 1942: launch of Mateus and Lancers that became international success despite Portugal’s seclusion 1974-76: regime overthrown by coup; free elections organised. The wine industry is a mess. 1986: Portugal joins the EU & gets funding to modernise. Small quintas started bottling their own wines Since 90s: modernisation -> Dao and Alentejo boast some of the most modern facilities in southern Europe

Answer 59

Temperate maritime climate with warm summers and cool, wet winters. More extreme in south and east. Rainfall from 500mm up to 2,000mm on the mountain ranges of Oporto.

Answer 60

Castelao aka Periquita - Versatile vine that thrives in sandy soils but can adapt to a variety of - conditions - Most planted red variety; mainly found in south coast regions Touriga Nacional - Believe to originate from Dao - Vigorous vine prone to poor fruit set that produces small quantities of very small berries - Deep coloured, hi tannins, concentrated wines - Mainly grown in Douro & Dao Tinta Roriz (aka Tempranillo) - Black grape w thick skin that ripens early i.e. several weeks earlier vs. most Spanish red grapes (temprano: ‘early’) - Thrives in chalky soils & moderate climates for better acidity & elegance - Little resistance to pest and diseases - Wines are med->full bodied, low to med+ acidity, w med tannins and flavours of strawberry, cherry, raspberry & plum. Oak and ageing add flavours of herbs, mushrooms, leather & tobacco - 2nd most planted grape in the world Trincadeira - Prone to rot -> performs better in hot, dry climate - Wines are deep coloured, full bodied w aromas of plum w hints of coffee & chocolate enhanced by oak ageing - Commonly used for Port; mainly grown in Alentejo Baga - Vigorous variety, resistant to powdery mildew that ripens late and has a tendency to rot - Deep coloured, hi acidity, hi tannins wines w restrained fruit intensity - Tannins can be astringent if fermentation w stalks as still quite common - Mostly grown Bairrada

Answer 61

There are very few

Answer 62

Loureiro/a - ‘Laurel scented’ aromatic white grape - Most planted in Vinho Verde country (Minho) and Galicia in Spain - Often blended with Trajadura Alvarinho - Thick-skinned grapes that can resist damp climates - Wines in relatively high alcohol (12-13%abv), hi acidity and intense flavours - Most planted in Vinho Verde & neighbouring Spain’s Galicia under the name of Albarino Bical - Wines have a good acidity - Often used for sparkling wine production - Some ageing potential - Mostly grown in Bairrada and Dao Arinto - Hi acidity wines with lemon notes - Mainly grown in Bucelas but also in Ribatejo, Terras do sado Others: Fernao Pires, Antao, Encruzado

Answer 63

Similar to other EU countries with: - Vinho de Mesa – table wine - Vinho Regional – equivalent to VdP - Denominacao de Origem Controlada (DOC) – equivalent to AC Labelling terms: - Reserva: wine from a single vintage, tasted by a panel and above min - Garrafeira reds: Reserva + min 2yrs ageing in cask & 1 yr in bottle; applies to all reds (DOC or not) - Garrafeira whites: Reserva + min 6mths ageing in cask & 6mths in bottle; applies to all reds (DOC or not)

Answer 64

Remarkable diversity of wines. Almost always blends.

Answer 65

• 240,000ha for 6m hl/yr production with: - 2/3 reds & rosés and 1/3 whites - 35% DOP wines, 27% Table wine, 22% IGP, 15% DOP dessert wine • Very fragmented ownership with 300,000 growers but a handful of large producers. • Key DOP regions: 1. Douro – 40% 2. Minho – 28% 3. Alentejo – 12% * 5th biggest exporter in the world with Angola with 0.5m hl and France 0.3m hl the main destinations markets. * Large producers: Sogrape (Mateus), Fonseca (Lancers), Bacalhoa (ex-JP Vinhos), Caves Alianca.

Answer 66

Port on the Sado estuary south of Lisbon, the capital of portugal, is also the name of a Portuguese fortified wine with its own dop region (see map under portugal). It is made predominantly from Moscatel (muscat) grapes and the region was officially demarcated in 1907 for Moscatel de Setúbal. The finest examples grow on limestone soils on the cool, north-facing slopes of the Arrábida hills. Grapes are also grown on the plain around the town of Palmela. The principal type of Moscatel is muscat of alexandria but a tiny amount (around 20 ha/49.5 acres) of pink-skinned, much earlier-ripening Moscatel Roxo is bottled separately and is generally slightly drier and more complex. Initially, Setúbal is made in much the same way as a vin doux naturel. After vinification, however, pungent Muscat grape skins are left to macerate in the wine for five or six months, which imparts a taste of fresh grapes and gives Setúbal its intense aroma and flavour. Most Setúbal is bottled after four or five years in large oak vats (though one leading producer uses old whisky barrels), by which time the wine has an amber-orange colour and a spicy, raisiny character. Small quantities, however, are bottled after 20 years or more in cask, by which time the wine is deep brown and has a rich, grapey intensity. Leading producer José Maria da Fonseca Successores occasionally bottles and sells stocks dating back to the mid 19th century. Like historic madeira, bottles labelled Moscatel Torna-Viagem crossed the equator twice by ship en route to and from the tropics and are considered the finest.

Answer 67

Tiny dop, renowned in its heyday for fortified wines. However, its vineyards have almost been obliterated by the westward expansion of the capital city Lisbon along the Tagus Estuary (see map under portugal). A cynic’s view of Carcavelos is that it was created by the Marquis of Pombal, Portugal’s autocratic 18th century prime minister, because he had to do something with the grapes from his country residence at nearby Oeiras. He even flouted his own regulations and permitted Carcavelos to be blended with port. Thanks to Pombal, Carcavelos enjoyed a brief period of popularity in Britain in the early part of the 19th century (and see auctions for evidence of its renown even earlier). The wine may be made from a blend of up to nine different red and white grapes. It is usually fermented dry and fortified with grape spirit up to an alcoholic strength of 18 to 20%. A small amount of vinho abafado (fermenting grape must preserved by the addition of alcohol) is added after fermentation to sweeten the wine. Between three and five years’ cask ageing give the wine a nutty character akin to a tawny port. Although total vineyard area fell to less than 10 ha/25 acres, a 21st century municipal initiative spearheaded by the Mayor of Oeiras has resulted in the doubling of land under vine and a new fortified brand, Conde de Oeiras.

Answer 68

Exceptional but now minuscule dop wine region on the west coast of Portugal just north of the capital Lisbon (see map under portugal). These vineyards were spared from the phylloxera pest in the 19th century thanks to their sandy composition but have struggled to survive today’s commercial pressures. Located on a narrow strip of sand dunes on the clifftops above the Atlantic, with roots anchored in the clay below, 80% of the ungrafted are ramisco. Made principally from malvasia de Colares, which is genetically distinct from other known Malvasia grapes, white Colares is distinctly salty and mineral, sometimes like a fino sherry, while Ramisco can be reminiscent of a particularly austere pinot noir. The region was badly hit by the collapse of the Brazilian market in 1930 and a year later the Lisbon government created the Adega Regional, a co-operative winery, which all growers were eventually obliged to join for their wine to be entitled to the Colares denomination. In 1990, the eu forced the government to abolish the Adega Regional’s monopoly (soon after a similar move in dão), but this was probably too late to save the wine from virtual extinction and by 2014 just 12 ha/30 acres of vineyard remained (compared with over 1,800 ha in the 1930s). In 1999, the local municipality intervened and 8.5 hectares of traditional vineyard were placed in the hands of a charitable foundation. Wines grown on the firmer calcareous-clay soils away from the coast have nothing like the same finesse and must be labelled either Vinho Regional Lisboa or just Vinho.

Answer 69

Occasionally Loureira, fine, ‘laurel-scented’, ancient minho white grape variety that is the most planted in this vinho verde country in northern Portugal and also grown in rías baixas in north-west Spain. Plantings totalled a substantial 5,162 ha/ 12,750 acres in Portugal, including some much further south, but less than a tenth as much in Spain, where albariño is much more important. It has often been blended with trajadura (Treixadura in Spain) but can also be found as a particularly aromatic varietal wine. It can yield quite productively in the north of the Vinho Verde region and produces its best quality, usually quite low in alcohol, around Braga, Ponte de Lima, and the coast.

Answer 70

The Portuguese name of a distinctive white grape variety grown around the town of Moncão in the extreme north west of Portugal’s vinho verde country (and, as albariño, in neighbouring galicia). The grapes’ thick skins help them withstand the particularly damp climate, and can result in wines relatively high in alcohol (12 to 13%), acidity, and flavour. Alvarinho was one of the first Portuguese varieties to appear on the labels of varietal whites and is therefore one of the best known. Portuguese plantings had reached 2,340 ha/5,782 acres by 2010.

Answer 71

Portuguese white grape variety grown mainly in bairrada, and dão, where it is called Borrado das Moscas, or fly droppings. The wines have good acidity and can be persuaded to display some aroma in some still varietal versions, although in Bairrada the grapes are often used in blends for sparkling wines. Some capacity for ageing has been demonstrated, Bical developing an almost riesling-like bouquet after a decade in bottle. It was grown on 1,456 ha/3,620 acres in 2010.

Answer 72

More precisely Arinto de Bucelas, historic Portuguese white grape variety most commonly encountered in bucelas in which it must constitute at least 75% of the blend. It is also grown in many other parts of Portugal, notably Tejo and Lisboa. Arinto is respected for its high acidity and can yield wines which gain interest and, sometimes, a citrus quality with age. As an ingredient in vinho verde it is known as Pedernã. Total plantings had fallen to 3,175 ha/7,846 acres by 2010. Arinto do Dão is a syonym for malvasia Fina in dão. Arinto Tinto, Portuguese synonym for Aragonez, or tempranillo.

Answer 73

Red grape found throughout central portugal but mostly in the bairrada region, where, unusually for Portugal, it accounts for as much as 90% of dark-skinned varieties. It is a vigorous variety, resistant to powdery mildew but ripens late and has a tendency to rot in the damp Atlantic climate of Portugal’s western seaboard, threatened by early autumn rains. This small, thin-skinned variety (baga means ‘berry’) produces dark, fairly acidic, tannic wines that can be undrinkably astringent if the grapes are under-ripe. Well-made wines such as those of Baga champion Luis Pato are full of fruit and capable of long ageing, however. A large amount of Baga ends up as rosé: Sogrape, producers of mateus rosé, have a large winery in the Bairrada region. Portuguese plantings totalled 9,885 ha/24,426 acres in 2010.

Answer 74

Portugal’s usefully versatile, second most planted vine variety, having been definitively overtaken by Tinta Roriz (tempranillo) by 2012 when total Castelão plantings fell to 14,414 ha/35,602 acres. It makes varied but generally fruity, sometimes surprisingly long-lived reds all over southern Portugal. It is known variously as Periquita in Setúbal, João de Santarém in Oeste, and Castelão Francês in many regions.

Answer 75

Sometimes called Trincadeira Preta, or black Trincadeira, is a red grape highly valued by winemakers in southern portugal and grown on a total of 11,674 ha/28,835 acres of vineyard all over the country. Known in the douro as tinta amarela, it is very susceptible to rot and therefore only performs well in the driest of climates. Trincadeira is therefore ideally suited to the alentejo, where it can produce deep-coloured, spicy wines in the right conditions but tends to herbaceousness if not picked at the right time.

Answer 76

Brand of medium-sweet, lightly sparkling wine made by the firm of J. M. da fonseca at Azeitão, near setúbal in portugal. The brand was created in 1944, when Vintage Wines of New York saw that American veterans of the Second World War were returning home from Europe with a taste for wine. Lancers, initially sold in a stone crock, continues to be moderately successful in the United States, whereas mateus Rosé, created two years earlier, tends to be better known in Europe. A fully sparkling Lancers, made by the continuous method, was introduced in the late 1980s.

Answer 77

The Palace of Mateus near Vila Real just north of the douro Valley in northern Portugal lent its name to Mateus Rosé. Bottled in a flask not unlike the bocksbeutel, this medium-sweet, sparkling rosé blend became one of the world’s most famous wine brands. Created in 1942 by Fernando van Zeller Guedes, it was inspired by his family’s vinho verde, naturally pétillant red and white wines. The sparkling rosé was sweetened to make it more appealing to export markets. Production began at the end of the Second World War (at very much the same time as that of its rival lancers). It was originally successful in Brazil and, while that market collapsed after the war, the brand proved hugely popular in post-war Britain and then the US. At its peak in 1978, Mateus, by then supplemented by a white version, accounted for over 40% of Portugal’s total table wine exports with worldwide sales amounting to 3.5 million cases. A small quantity of Mateus Rosé is still made at Vila Real but most of the wine is now produced at Anadia in bairrada. Faced with falling sales of Mateus in the early 1990s, sogrape, the Guedes family firm which owns the Mateus brand, has diversified into other areas, including port. Surfing the wave of popularity enjoyed by rosés this century by launching a Mateus Rosé Tempranillo made in valencia, a pink Shiraz (sic) from France, and, in a break with tradition, two still varietally blended rosés bottled in Bordeaux bottles. The original Mateus blend is now labelled ‘The Original’.

Answer 78

The most famous vine variety for port and, increasingly, for fine dry reds, and not just in portugal. It produces small quantities of very small berries in the douro Valley and the Portuguese dão region (where it probably originated) which result in deep-coloured, very tannic, concentrated wines, often with a floral aroma in youth. The vine is vigorous and robust but is prone to coulure and may produce just 300 g/10 oz of fruit per vine, making it unpopular with growers. This almost led to its extinction in the mid 20th century but considerable work has been done on clonal selection of the variety so that newer cuttings are slightly more productive and average sugar levels even higher. Touriga Nacional is proportionately more important in its native Dão than the Douro and can make fine varietal reds here, although the variety is regarded by many as better in a blend. Touriga Nacional plantings have been increasing considerably, not least because it has migrated south into most other Portuguese wine regions. Its total area had reached 10,531 ha/26,012 acres by 2012. Touriga Nacional has also been travelling extensively outside Portugal—notably to Australia in its capacity as an alternative variety, California, and South Africa—although each of them had only about 100 ha by 2014. Its distinctive name, proliferation of varietal versions from Portugal, and its nominal hint at the glories of quinta do noval Nacional are expected to continue its worldwide spread.

Answer 79

Has been planted so enthusiastically in Spain that it was the world’s fourth most popular wine grape variety in 2010. In some ways it is Spain’s answer to Cabernet Sauvignon, the vine variety that puts the spine into a high proportion of Spain’s most respected red wines, and is increasingly planted elsewhere. Its grapes are thick skinned and capable of making deep-coloured, long-lasting wines that are not, unusually for Spain, notably high in alcohol. Often replacing garnacha, bobal, or monastrell, it became the most popular red wine grape in Spain in the early 21st century and by 2011 was planted on a total of more than 206,000 ha/508,800 acres in virtually all regions except for those in the far south and north west, and challenged airén as the country’s most-planted variety of either colour. Temprano means early in Spanish and Tempranillo probably earns its name from its propensity to ripen early, certainly up to two weeks before the Garnacha (grenache) with which it is still regularly blended to make rioja. This relatively short growing cycle enables it to thrive in the often harsh climate of Rioja’s higher, more Atlantic-influenced zones Rioja Alta and Rioja Alavesa, where it constitutes by far the majority of all vines planted with a total of 34,383 ha in 2011. Tempranillo has traditionally been grown in widely spaced bushes here, but this relatively vigorous, upright vine has also responded well to training on wires. Wine made from Tempranillo grown in relatively cool conditions, where its tendency to produce musts slightly low in acidity is a positive advantage, can last well but the variety does not have a particularly strong flavour identity. Some find strawberries, others spice, leather, and tobacco leaves, but yields and winemaking skill are critical in determining its style. In Rioja, it is traditionally blended with Garnacha, plus a bit of Mazuelo (Carignan), Graciano, and Viura. In Penedès, where it is known as Ull de Llebre, Tempranillo softens the local Monastrell. In Valdepeñas, it is known as Cencibel. The variety is ideally suited to the cool conditions of Ribera del Duero, where, as Tinto Fino, it is by far the principal grape variety, but the seasoning of varieties imported from Bordeaux is an ingredient of some importance in that high plateau’s most famous wine vega sicilia. Indeed, throughout Spain, blends of Tempranillo with Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Merlot are common, notably in Navarra and Castilla-La Mancha. Its Spanish synonyms also include Tinta Madrid, Tinta del Pais, and Tinta de Toro, where its particularly concentrated form has played a major part in the newfound popularity of toro wines. Tempranillo is one of relatively few Spanish varieties to have been adopted to a great extent in Portugal, where it is known both as Aragonez and (Tinta) Roriz and, after a dramatic increase in popularity, was the country’s single most planted variety. For more, see tinta roriz. As Tempranillo or Tempranilla and making rather light, possibly over-irrigated reds, it has been important in Argentina’s wine industry but lost ground to more marketable varieties in the late 1980s. Plantings increased slighty this century, to over 6,000 ha by 2012, mainly in Mendoza, although the Spanish-owned O. Fournier makes a particularly interesting example. There were 578 ha in southern France in 2011, most notably in the Aude and used for blending. Thanks to mildly increased interest in the variety and all things Spanish, in 2012 California grew just under 1,000 acres/400 ha of Tempranillo, once known there as Valdepeñas. Abacela pioneered fine Tempranillo in southern Oregon where there were just under 200 acres in 2012, and there has been small-scale enthusiasm for the variety in Washington state. As vine-growers the world over search for new, recognizably high-quality alternative varieties, Tempranillo is spreading around the world, notably in Australia, where plantings had reached 711 ha by 2012. Italy grows a tiny amount of vines called Tempranillo, but dna profiling unexpectedly showed that some Tempranillo has been grown in Tuscany and Basilicata under the widely applied name Malvasia Nera. It has also revealed as a likely parent-offspring relationship with the old Spanish white wine grape albillo Mayor. Tempranillo Blanco, a pale-berried mutation, has been identified in Rioja where varietal versions have been made.

Answer 80

Portuguese word meaning ‘parakeet’ that is both a setúbal name for castelão and a branded red wine from José Maria da fonseca.

Answer 81

the opposite of a continental climate, has a relatively narrow annual range of temperatures. Places with a maritime climate tend to be near oceans or other large bodies of water (see lake effect, for example). Compared with nearby inland regions, spring temperatures tend to be lower, autumn temperatures higher, because effectively water masses gain and lose heat more slowly than land masses. There is also less difference between daily maximum and minimum in summer. For the effects on wine quality and style, see climate.

Answer 82

Second tier of designated wine regions in Portugal. Although new terms Indicação Geográfica Protegida (IGP), sometimes shortened to Indicação Geográfica (IG), meaning Protected Geographical Indication (pgi), have been introduced since the eu wine market reforms of 2008, most Portuguese regions have chosen to keep the old denomination Vinho Regional (VR). These large regions covering entire provinces—minho, transmontano, duriense for wines from the Douro, beira atlântico, terras do dão, terras da beira, tejo, lisboa, Alentejano for the alentejo, península de setúbal, algarve, and Terras Madeirenses for madeira—allow greater flexibility in terms of permitted grape varieties and ageing requirements. The Vinho Regional denomination is therefore popular with innovative winemakers wishing to bottle relatively young wines or blend Portuguese and international varieties. In the centre and south of the country (Lisboa, Tejo, Península de Setúbal, and the Alentejo), producers are largely ignoring the docs in favour of Vinho Regional.

Answer 83

the old Spanish term for table wine, the most basic category of wine now known as wine without geographical indication.

Answer 84

Stands for European Union, previously known as the European Community, a group of 28 advanced Western industrialized countries co-operating on both economic and political fronts. Twenty-four of the 28 members produce wine (of which seven only in marginal quantities), making the Union the world’s leading wine economy, producing around 175 million hl/4,623 million gal every year, and accounting for 45% of the world’s wine-growing areas, 65% of production, 57% of global consumption, and 70% of exports. The area under vine in the EU stood at 3.48 million ha/8.6 million acres in 2013, down from almost 4 million ha in 1987. This represents nearly 47% of the total global vineyard area (these oiv statistics include vines used to produce drying grapes and table grapes, and these two categories represent a higher proportion of total vineyard area in Asia than in Europe). According to official EU data, of the 3.2 million ha of vines planted for wine production in the EU, over 2 million ha produce grapes for pdo wines, almost 0.7 million ha for pgi wines, and nearly 0.5 million ha for wine without geographical indication. Spain has the most extensive area under vines in Europe (958,000 ha planted for wine), and indeed the world, although Italy produces more wine than Spain, which used to have the lowest-yielding vines in the EU (see spain for how this has changed). The EU wine-producing countries are, in descending order of average wine production: Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Portugal, Romania, Greece, Hungary, Austria, Croatia, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Malta, the United Kingdom, and Belgium. (denmark, the netherlands, poland, ireland, and sweden also produce a small amount of wine.) In 2012–13, total EU production of wine was around 152 million hl/4,015 million gal (world production in 2012–13 was approximately 277 million hl, according to oiv statistics). Official figures for yields in EU wine-producing countries averaged 47 hl/ha (2.69 tons/acre) in 2012–13. Germany, Italy, and Luxembourg reported the highest yields in 2012–13 (88 hl/ha, 71 hl/ha, and 66 hl/ha respectively), and Cyprus, Slovakia, and Romania the lowest (13 hl/ha, 17 hl/ha, and 20 hl/ha respectively, but as with all such collated data, national reporting is often inaccurate). Although the EU includes some of the most industrialized nations of the world, it is in Europe that wine production is of greatest social and economic importance. Wine accounted for 3.9% of the EU’s agricultural production by value in 2010–11. In France, the proportion was 13.4%, 8.8% in Austria, 3.9% in Italy, 2.6% in Spain, and 5.8% in Portugal. The EU is an important net exporter of wine, and the trade was worth 8.1 billion euros in 2011, representing 22.8 million hl, over 14% of production. The EU’s imports from outside the Union were 13.6 million hl in 2011, worth 2.4 billion euros. In 2011, the four top exporters to the EU were Australia, Chile, South Africa, and the United States, representing almost 85% of wine imports from outside the EU. Wine imported into the EU, known as ‘third country wine’, must conform to European wine law and may not be blended with wine made within the EU. According to OIV figures, the EU’s citizens drank an estimated 120 million hl of wine in 2010 (at that time only 16 member states), just over 23 l per inhabitant, considerably more than the world average for consumer countries. Between 1995 and 2010 consumption fell by about 8 million hl, most noticeably since 2008. The EU wine sector is subject to an overarching regulatory framework called the ‘common market organization’ (CMO), which is part of Europe’s common agricultural policy (CAP). The wine CMO includes rules on the free movement of wine between member states, winemaking practices, and labelling and trade with ‘third countries’ outside the common market. Its defining feature, until 2008, was the segregation of the wine sector into quality wine, which was regulated to manage ‘quality’, and table wine, which was granted subsidies to control production and the market. This essentially political and cultural divide was imported from France’s wine law, reflecting that country’s efforts to manage production in the poorer Midi while protecting the more privileged producers of well-known wine regions. From the very first wine CMO in 1970, it was evident that accommodating the more liberal rules (and cheaper wines) that existed in Italy and the stricter regime prevailing in France within a single market would be a significant challenge. Blockades and violent protests through the 1970s and early 1980s, fuelled by rampant overproduction of table wine and nationalistic sentiment, testified to the difficulty of the task. The accession of Spain, Portugal, and Greece in the mid 1980s multiplied the complexity of the problems. The wine CMO went through several iterations over the years, resulting in a proliferation of subsidies and controls, such as distillation, grubbing up of vines, planting rights, and price supports, ostensibly intended to bring supply and demand in the wine sector into balance. These largely failed because policymakers were torn between maintaining the incomes of the poorer table wine producers and realigning the wine sector with the demands of the modern wine market. Usually the political imperative to prop up the table wine producers won out, resulting in a ballooning budget. By the mid 2000s, a rethink of the wine CMO had become essential and politically achievable. The sharp decline of traditional table wine, soaring production of wines with a geographical indication, the accession of new EU member states, budget constraints, and competition from the new world were all factors. The reform introduced in 2008 took the radical step of dissolving the quality wine and table wine categories. In their place a new hierarchy was created: protected denominations of origin (pdos—covering AOC, DOC, DO, etc.); Protected Geographical Indications (or pgis—covering vin de pays, igt, Landwein, Vino de la Tierra, etc.); and wines without geographical indication. The last were granted permission to use grape variety names on the label, thereby allowing the creation of a new class of varietal wines. Each member state has its own precise terminology based on these overarching categories. The new hierarchy brought wine into alignment with the PDO/PGI system for other foods in the EU. A revised set of support measures was made available to all categories of wine (not just wines without geographical indication), with a total budget of around 1.2 billion euros per year. In the first years of the reform, a key focus of support measures was, as before, to balance supply and demand, with grubbing up measures contributing to a reduction in the total EU vineyard of 370,000 ha (10%), an exercise considerably more successful in some countries than others. Winemaking rules were linked to OIV recommendations as a means of benchmarking them internationally. Labelling was also simplified and liberalized to some extent. Whether or not these changes will be sufficient to align EU wine production with the contemporary wine market remains to be seen. Alonside the wine CMO, the EU has negotiated a series of agreements with several non-EU wine-producing countries, including Australia (1998, 2008), Canada (2003), Chile (2002), South Africa (2002), Switzerland (2002), and the USA (1984, 2005). These agreements cover concerns such as reciprocal arrangements regarding oenological practices, the reciprocal protection and control of wine denominations (which in some cases implies the phasing out of generics), trade facilitation, dispute-resolution procedures, and in some cases tariff quotas. On the EU side, these agreements form a key part of a long-term strategy to secure protection for their geographical indications, while for non-EU countries the incentive has been to improve their ability to compete in the EU market. The thorny issue of planting rights was still unresolved in 2014.

Answer 85

fine Portuguese white grape variety most commonly planted in dão. It can yield well-balanced, full-bodied varietal wines capable of ageing. Total 2012 plantings were 350 ha/865 acres.

Answer 86

Vinho regional in north-west Portugal named after the Minho province, itself named after the river (called Miño in Spain with which it forms the boundary—see map under portugal). Its boundaries are identical to those of vinho verde dop but producers may use different grape varieties and make wines with higher levels of alcohol than the usual Vinho Verde maximum of 11.5%. If produced other than in the monção and melgaço subregion, the popular variety alvarinho must be labelled Minho. Some producers prefer Minho to vinho verde because of the latter’s historic reputation for low-quality wines.

Answer 87

old name for the dop known since 2009 as lisboa.

Answer 88

a demarcated region (RD) of portugal, although the expression is no longer seen on labels.

Answer 89

Accord signed between Britain and Portugal in 1703 which gave Portuguese goods preferential treatment in Britain and encouraged the imports of Portuguese wine, at the expense of wine from the rest of Europe, notably France, at a time when port was evolving into the strong, sweet drink we know today.

Answer 90

Portugal’s recently much-modernized second city and the commercial centre, known in Portuguese as Porto, which gave its name to port. Grapes grown in the harsh conditions up river of Oporto in the douro Valley would be crushed and vinified before being shipped to port shippers’ lodges across the Douro from Oporto in the suburb known as vila nova de gaia. Oporto has long had a substantial population of British merchants, whose meeting place the factory house survives to this day.

Answer 91

Archipelago in the Atlantic and an autonomous region of portugal. Three of its nine islands grow vines and have their own dop. See biscoitos, pico, and graciosa. In 2004, a vinho regional category Açores was created for all red and white wines produced throughout the archipelago.

Answer 92

Large dop in north-east Portugal. Meaning ‘behind the mountains’, Trás-os-Montes is bounded by high mountains on one side and the Spanish frontier on the other (see map of portugal). The mountains which isolate Trás-os-Montes from the rest of Portugal cast a rain shadow over the region, although it becomes progressively more arid towards Spain. With varied microclimates and soil types (mostly schist, but the region also has granite and calcareous soils) Trás-os-Montes has three DOP subregions, from west to east: Chaves, Valpaços, and Planalto Mirandês. Climatic extremes and poor soils make cultivation difficult, although farmers have been helped considerably by funds from the eu and the World Bank. Wine is an important commodity in Trás-os-Montes and there are more vineyards here than in any other part of Portugal: 69,000 ha/170,000 acres. However, as yields are low, both lisboa and tejo produce more wine. The high vineyards here, north of the douro Valley, also supply wine for mateus Rosé and a number of imitative brands.

Answer 93

Tiny white wine dop just north of Lisbon, Portugal’s capital city (see map under portugal) and formerly spelt Bucellas. At one time it was fortified and it is thought to be Shakespeare’s Charneco, mentioned in 2 Henry VI and named after one of the local villages. The Duke of Wellington popularized the wine in Britain following the Peninsular Wars and for a time Bucelas was widely sold and appreciated in Victorian Britain as Portuguese Hock. arinto grapes can make acidic, dry white wine in this sub-Mediterranean climate. Although Bucelas had almost disappeared by the early 1980s, a number of new enterprises have revived its fortunes, making modern, zesty, fruity Arinto which, with alvarinho bottled solo in vinho verde country, is a rare example of Portuguese varietal white. One producer even makes an oaked cuvée, traditional method sparkling wine, and late-harvest Bucelas.

Answer 94

Vinho PGI aka Indicacao Geographica Protegida (IGP) aka Vinho Regional PDO aka Denomiacao de Origem Protegida (DOP) aka Denominacao de Origem Controlada

Answer 95

``` Vinho Verde DOP Subzones: Moncao e Melgaco Lima, Cavado Basto Ave Amarente Sousa Baiao Paiva ```

Answer 96

``` Tras-os-Montes DOP Subzones: Chaves Valpacos Planlto Mirandes ```

Answer 97

``` Douro DOP Subzones: Baixo Corgo Cima Corgo Douro Superior ``` ``` Porto DOP Subzones: Baixo Corgo Cima Corgo Douro Superior ```

Answer 98

Tavora-Varosa DOP Subzones: None

Answer 99

Bairrada DOP Subzones: None

Answer 100

``` Dao DOP Subzones: Alva, Besteiros Castendo Serra de Estrela Silgueiros Terras da Azurara Terras de Senhorim ``` Lafoes DOP Subzones: None

Answer 101

Beira Interior DOP Subzones: Beira Castello Rodrigo Cova da Beira Pinhel

Answer 102

Encostas d'Aire AOP Subzones: Ourem Alcobaca Lourinha DOP Subzones: none Obidos DOP Subzones: none Alenquer DOP Subzones: none Arruda AOP Subzones: none Torres Vedras DOP Subzones: none Bucalas DOP Subzones: none Carcavelos DOP Subzones: none Colares DOP Subzones: none

Answer 103

Do Tejo DOP ``` Subzones: Almaerim Cartaxo Chamusca Coruche Santarem Tomar ```

Answer 104

Palmela DOP Subzones: none Setubal DOP Subzones: none

Answer 105

``` Alentejo DOP Subzones: Evora Borba Moura Granja-Amareleja Reguengos Redondo Vidigueira Portalegre ```

Answer 106

Lagoa DOP Subzones: none Portimao DOP Subzones: none Lagos DOP Subzones: none Tavira DOP Subzones: none

Answer 107

Madiera DOP Regions: Madiera Porto Santo Madeirense DOP Regions: Madiera Porto Santo

Answer 108

Biscoitos DOP - Island of Terceira Graciosa DOP - Island of Graciosa Pico DOP - Island of Pico

Answer 109

Barca Velha, which was first released in 1952. Prior to this wines in the Douro were pretty hard to take very inky, rich and hard to drink. They were almost the embarrassment of the Port shipper houses. The English drank during the war due to the best grapes being used for Port. The English called it 'blackstrap'.

Answer 110

11, this added to its exclusively and made it similar to the 1st Growths of Bordeaux

Portugal Flashcards

(139 cards)