PORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING Flashcards
The water transportation can further be subdivided into two categories:
- inland transportation
- Ocean transportation.
Inland Water transportation is either in the form of ______ transportation or _______
transportation.
RIVER OR CANAL
a sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be
launched, built or taken for repair; or could seek refuge in time of storm; or provide
for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers.
HARBOUR
Harbours are broadly classified as:
- Natural harbours
- Semi-natural harbours
- Artificial harbours
Natural formations affording safe discharge facilities for ships on sea coasts, in the
form of creeks and basins
Natural harbours
This type of harbour is protected on sides by headlands protection and it requires
man-made protection only at the entrance.
Semi-natural harbours
Where such natural facilities are not available, countries having a seaboard had to
create or construct such shelters making use of engineering skill and methods, and
such harbours are called ___________
artificial or man-made harbours.
used to indicate a harbour where terminal facilities, such a stores, landing of passengers and cargo, etc. are added to it.
Port
Classification of ports
- Canal ports
- River ports
- Sea ports
Some of the natural and meteorological phenomena which primarily affect the location and
design of the harbour.
TIDES AND WAVES
Tides on the coast-line are caused by the ____ AND ______
sun and moon
At new and full moon or rather a day or two after (or twice in each lunar month), the tides rise higher and fall lower than at other times and these are called ________
Spring tides
one or two days after the moon is in her quarter i.e. about seven days from new
and full moons (twice in a lunar month), the tides rise and fall less than at other times
and are then called ______
neap tides
The ______ is by far the most powerful force acting on harbour barriers and against which the engineer has to contend.
‘sea wave’
2 KINDS OF WATER WAVES
- Waves of oscillation (stationary)
- Waves of translation (forward motion)
The protective barrier constructed to enclose harbours and to keep the harbour waters
undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong seas
Breakwaters
This quality of sea water causes damage to the materials of construction
Solvent action of sea water
It is a heterogeneous assemblage of natural rubble, undressed stone blocks, rip rap,
supplemented in many cases by artificial blocks of huge bulk and weight, the whole
being deposited without any regard to bond or bedding
Heap or mound breakwater
Platforms or landing places necessary for ships to come, close enough to the
shore, for purposes of embarkation, disembarkation, etc. at the same time.
WHARVES
The structures which are built perpendicular or oblique to the shore of a river or sea
piers
Wharves along and parallel to the’ shore, are generally called quays and their protection walls are called ________
quay walls
These are the structures in the form of piled projections and they are built out
from the shore to deep water and they may be constructed either for a navigable
river or in the sea.
JETTIES
The cushion which is provided on the face of jetty for ships to come in contact
FENDER
The light stations when they are built on land are called _________- as in the case of
permanent lighthouse structures.
fixed
It is a lofty structure popularly built of masonry or reinforced concrete in the shape of
a tall tower on a high pedestal.
Lighthouse
The approach channel of a modern port should be clearly defined or demarcated by the provision of suitable ______
signals.
Types of Signals
- Light signals
- Fog signals
- Audible signals
Any prominent object, natural or artificially constructed, easily indentifiable and
capable of being used as a means to indicate and guide in navigation
Beacons
floating structures of small size employed for demarcation like
entrances, approach channel used for indicating direction changes in means of alignment
Buoys
