Portfolio Management and Investment Risk Flashcards
__________ stock fluctuates with the business cycle.
Cyclical stock fluctuates with the business cycle (auto companies).
____________ stock is resistant to recession.
Defensive stock is resistant to recession (utility companies).
What is the proper order of liquidation for a corporation at bankruptcy? 6
- Unpaid workers, 2. IRS, 3. secured creditors, 4. unsecured creditors, 5. preferred, and then 6. common.
What are TIPS?
Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities
The principal value of TIPS may be adjusted based on changes to the __________________________.
The principal value of TIPS may be adjusted based on changes to the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
True or False: The interest rate on TIPS is fixed, but the principal may be adjusted.
True
If a stop order is activated, at what price will the trade be executed?
The next trade after activation.
Do stop orders guarantee a specific price when buying or selling?
No, stop orders execute at the market price (which is uncertain) once they are activated.
True or False: Stop-limit orders are guaranteed execution if the trigger is touched.
False. Stop-limit orders may not be executed if the limit price cannot be met.
___________________ is the balancing of investment classes according to an investor’s investment objectives.
Asset allocation is the balancing of investment classes according to an investor’s investment objectives.
______ is the measure of an asset’s volatility compared to the market as a whole.
Beta is the measure of an asset’s volatility compared to the market as a whole.
What is the beta of the market (S&P 500)?
1
(Current Assets - ____________) ÷ Current Liabilities = Quick Asset Ratio (or Acid Test)
(Current Assets - Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities = Quick Asset Ratio (or Acid Test)
Working Capital, Current Ratio, and the Quick Asset Ratio (Acid Test) are examples of ____________ ratios.
Working Capital, Current Ratio, and the Quick Asset Ratio (Acid Test) are examples of liquidity ratios.
To find a stock’s current yield, the formula is: ____________ ÷ ____________
To find a stock’s current yield, the formula is: Annual Dividend ÷ Current Market Price
What is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)?
A model of the relationship between expected risk and expected return
True or False: According to CAPM, a security’s return equals a risk-free return (T-Bill return) plus a risk premium.
True
True or False: Inflation is a persistent rise in the general level of prices.
True
The _______________________ is often considered the most important measure of inflation.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is often considered the most important measure of inflation.
__________ value is the dollar amount to be invested today to meet a specific dollar objective at a set future point.
Present value is the dollar amount to be invested today to meet a specific dollar objective at a set future point.
__________ value determines how much a dollar amount invested today will be worth at a set point in the future.
Future value determines how much a dollar amount invested today will be worth at a set point in the future.
What is used to determine how a given present value will become a needed future value.
The internal rate of return (IRR)
$10,000 has become $80,000 in 36 years. What is the internal rate of return?
The money doubled every 12 years. The 10 grew to 20, the 20 to 40, and the 40 to 80. Using the Rule of 72, 72 ÷ 12 = 6%.
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) focuses on differing __________ of assets rather than on _____________ securities.
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) focuses on differing classes of assets rather than on individual securities.
What are the three main concepts underlying the Modern Portfolio Theory?
- Expected return, 2.standard deviation, and 3. correlation
Define expected return.
The possible return of an asset multiplied by the likelihood of occurrence
Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of ____________ returns.
Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of expected returns.
What is the likelihood of an investment’s return falling within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviation units?
67% within 1 standard deviation, 95% within 2 standard deviations, and 99% within 3 standard deviations
What is used as the basic measure of risk for an investment?
Standard deviation
The greater the dispersion of historical returns of a security, the _________ its standard deviation.
The greater the dispersion of historical returns of a security, the higher its standard deviation.
______________ measures the degree to which the movements of two variables are related.
Correlation measures the degree to which the movements of two variables are related.
If two investments closely track one another, this is referred to as ___________ correlation.
If two investments closely track one another, this is referred to as positive correlation.
If two investments go in opposite directions from one another, this is referred to as ___________ correlation.
If two investments go in opposite directions from one another, this is referred to as negative correlation.
If there is no relationship between the movement of two investments, they are considered to be _______________.
If there is no relationship between the movement of two investments, they are considered to be uncorrelated.
True or False: Perfect negative correlation is -1.00, while a perfect positive correlation is 1.00.
True
MPT has found that having asset classes with a slight ___________ correlation provides the best long-term performance.
MPT has found that having asset classes with a slight negative correlation provides the best long-term performance.
What is the efficient frontier?
The line representing portfolios (excluding risk-free alternatives) showing the lowest risk for a given level of return
Strategic asset allocation assumes that the markets are ____________.
Strategic asset allocation assumes that the markets are efficient.
True or False: With a buy and hold strategy, investors are consistently rebalancing their portfolios.
False. Buy and hold involves no rebalancing.
Tactical asset allocation assumes that markets are ______________.
Tactical asset allocation assumes that markets are inefficient.
True or False: Diversification is one method by which an investor may avoid non-systematic risk.
True
If a security’s beta is more than 1, is it considered more or less volatile than the market as a whole?
The higher the beta, the greater the volatility.
True or False: Alpha represents an investment’s actual return in excess of its expected return.
True
Another name for a security’s risk-adjusted return is its ________.
Another name for a security’s risk-adjusted return is its alpha.
What is the risk of having an excessive portion of a portfolio invested in one particular security or asset class?
Concentration risk
____________ risk is the inability to sell an investment easily.
Liquidity risk is the inability to sell an investment easily.
What uses computer simulations to present random outcomes of an investment strategy?
Monte Carlo Simulation
What is considered an optimal portfolio?
One that has the highest expected return given the client’s tolerance for risk
What measures risk-adjusted return?
Alpha and the Sharpe Ratio
Is market risk considered a form of diversifiable or non-diversifiable risk?
Non-diversifiable risk
To determine a bond’s real interest rate, the bond’s yield is subtracted by the rate of ___________.
To determine a bond’s real interest rate, the bond’s yield is subtracted by the rate of inflation.
True or False: A low beta security would be expected to rise more than a high beta security in a bull market.
False. An asset with a low beta would be less volatile and would, therefore, be expected rise less in a rising market.
An investor’s net return is the gross return minus ________ paid.
An investor’s net return is the gross return minus taxes paid.
Define holding period return.
The total return received from holding an asset or portfolio of assets
What is the formula for determining a bond’s current yield?
Annual interest ÷ current market value of the bond
What is the formula for determining a stock’s current yield?
Annual dividend ÷ current market value of the stock
Identify the acronym: CPI
Consumer Price Index
What type of mean is used to calculate the expected return?
The weighted arithmetic mean
An investment earns 10%, 50%, and 30% in three years. How would the annualized average rate of return be calculated?
When calculating an annualized rate of return over time, the geometric mean is used.
Identify the acronym: CAPM
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Identify the acronym: MPT
Modern Portfolio Theory
What rule can be used to determine how long it takes for an amount of money to double at a given rate of return?
The Rule of 72
What rule can be used to determine the annual rate of return needed for funds to double if given a number of years?
The Rule of 72
Jim invested $25,000 in an annuity with a 6% return. How long will it take for the money to double?
Using the Rule of 72, divide 72 by the rate of return (72 ÷ 6 = 12 years).
_________ value projects what an investment will be worth at some point in the future.
Future value projects what an investment will be worth at some point in the future.
__________ value is the amount of money that must be invested today to result in a certain sum at a future time.
Present value is the amount of money that must be invested today to result in a certain sum at a future time.
A bond’s inflation-adjusted rate of return may also be referred to as the _______ interest rate.
A bond’s inflation-adjusted rate of return may also be referred to as the real interest rate.
True or False: Tactical asset allocation is considered a passive asset allocation approach.
False. Tactical asset allocation is considered an active approach.
True or False: Strategic asset allocation is considered an active asset allocation approach.
False. Strategic asset allocation is considered a passive approach.
Do those who favor market timing (active strategies) believe markets are efficient or inefficient?
Inefficient. They may alter their portfolio to take advantage of anticipated economic events.
What is an advantage to buy and hold portfolio management?
Transaction costs and tax consequences are minimized.
Identify the risk: Investors miss out on receiving a better return by placing their funds elsewhere.
Opportunity risk
Identify the risk: A particular enterprise may not perform well due to poor management or increased competition.
Business risk
What method of investing is characterized by regularly investing a set amount of money, regardless of share prices?
Dollar Cost Averaging
Describe a growth investor.
One seeking stocks of companies with an above-average growth rate, high P/E ratios, and low dividend payout ratios
Describe a value investor.
One seeking stocks that are undervalued in relation to their earnings and have low P/E ratios
How is market capitalization (cap) determined?
A company’s current share price multiplied by the number of shares outstanding
Sue bought a 6% bond at par. One year later, her bond’s value has fallen to $970. What is her annual return?
Sue received the 6% rate of interest, but her bond lost 3% of its value. (-$30 + 60) ÷ $1,000 = 3%.
Bond A yields 7.5% when inflation is 3%. Bond B yields 8% when inflation is 4%. Which has a higher real interest rate?
Bond A. Bond A’s real interest rate is 4.5% (7.5% - 3%) and Bond B’s real interest rate is 4% (8% - 4%).
“A dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received tomorrow” describes what concept?
The time value of money
If a bond is trading at a discount to its value based on DCF, will an investor earn more or less than a comparable bond?
A bond trading at a discount to its DCF value will earn more than comparably priced bonds.
If a bond is trading at a premium to its value based on DCF, will an investor earn more or less than a comparable bond?
A bond trading at a premium to its DCF value will earn less than comparably priced bonds.
What are two assumptions of MPT?
Investors want to minimize risk and maximize returns
What is the name for the graph of optimal portfolios?
The efficient frontier
Which would have the least risk—large-, mid-, or small-cap companies?
Large cap stocks have the least risk.
Which would have the most risk—large-, mid-, or small-cap companies?
Small cap stocks would have the most risk.
True or False: Systematic rebalancing involves buying and selling on a periodic basis.
True
True or False: Systematic rebalancing assumes markets are inefficient.
False
What is an efficient market?
A market in which prices reflect all known information; therefore, nothing will be overvalued or undervalued.
Name the three forms of market efficiency.
Strong-, Semi-Strong and Weak-Form
What type of trading strategy would be used if you believe markets are efficient?
Passive strategies, such as indexing or systematic rebalancing
True or False: The S&P 500 is a large-cap index.
True
True or False: The S&P 400 is a large-cap index.
False, the S&P 400 is a mid-cap index.
What type of trading strategy would be used if you believe markets are inefficient?
Active strategies, such as tactical asset allocation or sector rotation