port cities of the future Flashcards
City
an inhabited place of greater size, population or importance than a town or village
last centuries characterised by dramatic increase in number of people living in cities- urban population increased from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2 billion in 2018.
more than 55% of world’s population living in urban areas.
68% of population expected to live in urban areas by 2050
faster rate of growth in coastal areas
establishing sustainable cities and communities is 1 of 17 UN SDG
Ports
a place that has facilities for ships to load or unload.
major types of natural or man-made ports include: inland port, fishing port, dry port, warm water port, sea port.
seaports are largest and busiest type- they serve to both cargoes and passengers.
ports bring opportunities such as identity, employment, renewable energy, circular economy and culture.
Port-cities
key role in international trade
provide essential services to local, regional and national economies
large port-cities experience higher levels of economic growth in inland cities
contribute large amount of a city’s gross domestic product (GDP)- 13% and 7.6% in Rotterdam and Shanghai, respectively
Port-cities- positive impacts
can boost manufacturing and growth- jobs to local area
can be popular start- and end points and destinations for tourist activities such as cruises
Port-cities- negative impacts
pollution, traffic congestion, severance, visual blight
ports create varying forms of environmental pollution- air, water, noise, light, soil, thermal and biological pollution (alien invasive species)
air emissions created by port can form a large % of total city emissions- Hong Kong contribute 54% of SO2 and 33% of NOx in terms of emissions by weight annually.
Research outcomes: Port Strategy
strong preference for port diversification across all port sizes and geographical locations
strong preference for port expansion without relocation- may create tensions over land use and pollution, may create opportunities for mutually beneficial outcomes- diversification of port services to include greater localised benefits such as renewable energy or circular economy
attitudes to specialisation become more positive and to diversification become more negative as port size increases
provision of new services with existing infrastructure and tech may allow diversification without expansion and costs- short term option while expansion is unavailable
Research outcomes: Port Strategy
most port authorities prefer to pursue expansion
key barriers to port expansion/relocation are high costs; cooperation with city and authorities, local interest groups and private stakeholders; consent.
bringing stakeholders together and joint master planning a way to begin process
ports very supportive of diversification- brings additional local benefits for local city
specialisation provides few additional benefits for cities
diversification- mutual interest and key method for encouraging sustainable development in port-cities
Research outcomes: increasing local economic benefits
port industrial development, maritime cluster development, waterfront development and circular economy ways to increase the economic benefits provided by port
circular economy least utilised but popular for future
waterfront economies most widespread at present
largest barriers to CE are costs and land use
CE enables port-cities to engage with SDG 12
Research outcomes: improving local opinions
agreement ports should create benefits for locals
ports want to improve local attitudes towards it
ports feel under pressure to reduce impacts
port events effective way to improve local attitudes- port centres, social media, maritime museums, education and public access
Research outcomes: port pollution
water and noise pollution most frequent complained about
water and air pollution considered most important
high costs largest obstacle to addressing issues
high costs and technological limitations are main barriers for reducing pollution
majority of ports interested in cold ironing, renewable energy, electric vehicles and vessels and building efficiency improvements
EMERGE- Evaluation, control and Mitigation of EnviRonmental impacts of shippinG Emissions
seven proposals were submitted to this call, one was selected for funding
4 years- Feb 2020 to Jan 2024
18 partners from 10 European countries both marine and atmospheric expertise- EC contribution 7.5 million euros
Environmental impacts of shipping
new global standards since 2020 for shipping emissions
combustion in ship engines produces range of primary and secondary pollutants that have important environmental, health economic and climatic impacts
exhaust gas cleaning systems e.g. scrubbing, use large volumes of seawater. there is limited data on the toxicity of scrubber washwater released back to the sea
Aims of EMERGE
comprehensively quantify and evaluate the effects of a range of potential emission reduction solutions for shipping in Europe
develop more effective strategies and measures to reduce the environmental impacts of shipping
conclusions
EMERGE is a major EU project
wide scope: discharges from ships to the sea and atmospheric contributions, dispersion of pollutants in seas and atmosphere, effects on state of seas, flora and fauna, human health and climate change, cost effective solutions.
EMERGE expected to improved substantially scientific expertise and knowledge by new measurement campaigns and integrated modelling
policy guidance and recommendations will be of wide interest and of major economic value.
