Populism & Progressive Era

Question 1

Political Machine

Answer 1

A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

Question 2

Grange Movement

Answer 2

campaign for state control of railroads and grain elevators, especially in the north central states, carried on during the 1870s by members of the Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange) a farmers’ organization that had been formed for social and cultural purposes.

Question 3

Farmers Alliance

Answer 3

The Farmers’ Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s.

Question 4

Populist Party

Answer 4

A third-party movement that sprang up in the 1890s and drew support especially from disgruntled farmers. The Populists were particularly known for advocating the unlimited coinage of silver.

Question 5

Grover Cleveland

Answer 5

Grover Cleveland (1837-1908), who served as the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, was known as a political reformer. He is the only president to date who served two nonconsecutive terms, and also the only Democratic president to win election during the period of Republican domination of the White House that stretched from Abraham Lincoln’s (1809-65) election in 1860 to the end of William Howard Taft’s (1857-1930) term in 1913.

Question 6

Williams Jennings Byan

Answer 6

William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska, and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party’s candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908).

Question 7

William McKinley

Answer 7

William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States.

Question 8

Panic of 1893

Answer 8

The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year.[1] Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures.’

Question 9

Bimetallism or “Free Silver” movement

Answer 9

a system allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals (e.g., gold and silver) as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other.

Question 10

Direct Primary

Answer 10

The direct primary was one of many reforms of the Progressive Era (1890s to around 1920).
An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party’s ticket in a subsequent election for public office.
A direct primary empowers ordinary party members to pick candidates for office, rather than leaving that decision to party insiders.

Question 11

17th Amendment

Answer 11

The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states.

Question 12

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Answer 12

Initiative allows people to propose various laws, bypassing congressmen. Referendum allows for a direct vote by the people. Recall allows people to remove from office government officials.

Question 13

Keatings-Owen Child Labor Act

Answer 13

The Keating-Owens Child Labor Act of 1916 was a statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which tried to stop child labor by not allowing the sale of goods produced by factories that employed children under fourteen.

Question 14

Muller v. Oregon

Answer 14

Muller v. Oregon was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period.

Question 15

18th Amendment

Answer 15

established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal.

Question 16

Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer 16

Meat Inspection Act - 1906 is a United States Congress Act that works to prevent misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.
Pure Food and Drug Act - law passed in 1906 to remove harmful and misrepresented foods and drugs from the market and regulate the manufacture and sale of drugs and food.

Question 17

Clayton Anti-Trust Act & Federal Trade Commission Act

Answer 17

A act that prohibited monopolies and trusts from taking control of industries

Question 18

Railroad Regulations

Answer 18

a. Elkins Act - a 1903 United States federal law that imposed heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.
b. Hepburn Act, - 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.
c. Adamson Act - a United States federal law passed in 1916 that established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers.

Question 19

16th Amendment

Answer 19

allows the federal (United States) government to levy (collect) an income tax from all Americans.

Question 20

Federal Reserve Act

Answer 20

an Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (money)

Question 21

Antiquities Act

Answer 21

The Antiquities Act (16 U.S.C. 431-433) was the first United States law to provide general protection for any general kind of cultural or natural resource.

Question 22

National Reclamation Act

Answer 22

The Reclamation Act (also known as the Lowlands Reclamation Act or National Reclamation Act) of 1902 (Pub.L. 57–161) is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West.

Question 23

Jacob Riis

Answer 23

Jacob August Riis (May 3, 1849 – May 26, 1914) was a Danish-American social reformer, “muckraking” journalist and social documentary photographer.

Question 24

Ida Tarbell

Answer 24

Ida Minerva Tarbell (November 5, 1857 – January 6, 1944) was an American teacher, author and journalist. She was one of the leading “muckrakers” of the progressive era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is thought to have pioneered investigative journalism.
She was particularly critical of Standard Oil and the Rockefeller monopoly.

Question 25

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 25

United States journalist whose exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)

Question 26

Upton Sinclair

Answer 26

American novelist, essayist, playwright, and short-story writer, whose works reflect socialistic views. He gained public notoriety in 1906 with his novel The Jungle, which exposed the deplorable conditions of the U.S. meat-packing industry.

Question 27

Booker T. Washington

Answer 27

Born a slave on a Virginia farm, Washington (1856-1915) rose to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute, a black school in Alabama devoted to training teachers. Washington was also behind the formation of the National Negro Business League 20 years later, and he served as an adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Although Washington clashed with other black leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois and drew ire for his seeming acceptance of segregation, he is recognized for his educational advancements and attempts to promote economic self-reliance among African Americans.

Question 28

WEB DuBois

Answer 28

William Edward Burghardt “W. E. B.” Du Bois (1868-1963) was was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. Educated at Harvard University and other top schools, Du Bois studied with some of the most important social thinkers of his time. He earned fame for the publication of such works as Souls of Black Folk (1903), and was a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and editor of its magazine.

Question 29

Margaret Sanger

Answer 29

American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term “birth control”, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Question 30

Alice Paul

Answer 30

Alice Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist, feminist, and women’s rights activist, and the main leader and strategist of the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote.

Question 31

John Dewey

Answer 31

John Dewey (/ˈduːi/; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, Georgist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform.

Question 32

Hiram Johnson

Answer 32

elected Republican governor of California in 1910; helped break the grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics, then set up a political machine of his own