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Biology - Module 6 > Populations + sustainability > Flashcards

Populations + sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support

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2
Q

why is carrying capacity a thing

A

all individuals have potential to reproduce + grow population

BUT - abiotic + biotic factors that prevent every individual in a population from reaching adulthood and reproducing

Ensure population size limited – why no single population dominates earth

Except humans – overcome many abiotic / biotic factors

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3
Q

Environmental resistance

A

combined effects of limiting factors that prevent the further increase of a population

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4
Q

Types of limiting factors

A

Density dependent

Density independent

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5
Q

Density dependent

A

Factors that affect pop. the more they increase in size e.g resources, predators, intra and inter spp comp.

These limiting factors place the carrying capacity on population size

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6
Q

Density independent

A

Factors that affect the the same proportion of the population regardless of size

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7
Q

Abiotic factors affecting population size

A
  • Light availability
  • Water supply
  • Water mineral content
  • Temperature
  • Amount of space available
  • Soil pH
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8
Q

Biotic factors

A
  • Interspecific competition
  • Intraspecific competition
  • Predation
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9
Q

growth curve

A
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10
Q

describe growth curve

A
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11
Q

Types of strategists

A

k and r

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12
Q

K selection

A

Offspring have a high prob of survival

Heavy parental care and nurturing

Larger organisms

Much lower reproductive rate

Young are altricial, longer lifespans and have
overlapping generations

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13
Q

Altricial

A

Born in an undeveloped state and requiring care and feeding by the parents

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14
Q

R selection

A

Produce many low effort organisms

Species grow rapidly

Found in less competitive and low quality environments

Young are precocial

High of mortality so start reproducing earlier

Non overlapping generations, shorter lifespans

Boom and bust (cyclical)

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15
Q

Precocial

A

Born in an advanced state and able to feed itself almost immediately

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16
Q

Interspecific competition

A

between different species

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17
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

between members of the same species

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18
Q

Interspecific mechanism

A

Compete for same resource

Reduce availability to both species

If one is better adapted – outcompete the other

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19
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

where two species are competing for limited resource the better adapted one / the one that uses the resources more effectively will eliminate the other

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20
Q

example of interspecific competition

A

introduction of the grey squirrel into the southern UK caused the native red squirrel to be outcompeted for food and shelter

grey squirrel also carries a disease, parapoxvirus, that is harmless to itself but can be fatal to the red squirrel

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21
Q

intraspecific competition mechanism - 3 stages

A
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22
Q

effects of competition

A

competitive exclusion

resource partitioning

character displacement

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23
Q

competitive exclusion

A

two organisms occupy similar niches – competition

One species slightly better adapted to compete than the other

other species could starve or not find a habitat

second species would then move to find a different niche

possibly evolve over generations to adapt to its new niche

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24
Q

resource partitioning

A

A particular resource eg. a fruit tree is divided up (partitioned) to satisfy the needs of different feeders

The fruit may be grazed by one species, the leaves by another

The two species are not competing directly for the fruit tree but coexisting on different parts of it

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25
Q

character displacement

A

Closely related species that inhabit the same geographical region and occupy similar
niches differentiate in order to minimise niche overlap and avoid competitive exclusion

26
Q

predation mechanism

A

Stage 1 – increase in prey population provides more food for predators + more to survive + reproduce

Results in an increase in the predator population

Stage 2 – increased predator population eats more prey

Decline in the prey population

Stage 3 – reduced prey population no longer supports predators . intraspecific competition occurs for food

Decrease in predator population

Stage 4 – reduced predator population result in less of the prey population being killed. More survive + reproduce

Increase prey population – cycle repeats

27
Q

predator-prey graph

A
28
Q

Sustainability

A

the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its biodiversity + productivity over time despite humans deriving their needs from natural resources

29
Q

Conservation

A

Active management of ecosystems by humans to maintain biodiversity

Involves management of ecosystem so that natural resources can be used sustainably

involves reclamation

30
Q

Reclamation

A

Process of restoring ecosystems that have been damaged

31
Q

Preservation

A

Protection of an area by restricting / banning human interference

Ecosystem kept in original state

Focuses on eliminating any human effects on ecosystems

32
Q

types of reasons for conserving

A

economic

social

ethical

ecological

33
Q

economic

A

Ecotourism – major source of income

Provide resources that human need to survive + provide income

Medicinal drugs / clothes / food / timber

34
Q

ethical

A

Many people believe we should not have right to decide which organisms survive

Moral duty for future generations to conserve ecosystems

35
Q

social

A

Natural beauty of wild ecosystem

Use for activities beneficial to health – walking / climbing

36
Q

ecological

A

more diverse ecosystem is better able to survive and adapt to environmental changes or threats

keystone species

37
Q

sustainable resource

A

renewable resource that is being economically exploited in a such a way that it will not run out

38
Q

aims of sustainability

A

preserve environment

ensure resources available to future generation

enable less economically developed countries to develop

39
Q

small scale timber production

A

coppicing

rotational coppicing

pollarding

40
Q

coppicing

A

tree trunk cut close to ground

more shoots form from cut + mature

eventually shoots are cut + more shoots are produced

shoots – used for fencing

41
Q

rotational coppicing

A

woodland divided into sections

trees only cut in 1 section until all have been coppiced

then starts in another area

42
Q

advantages for rotational coppicing

A

Light is still able to reach forest floor as tress never grow tall enough –> increasing diversity of species

not blocking light - control succession (deflection - plagioclimax) - maintains biodiveristy

allows time for newly coppice trees to grow

quick

43
Q

disadvantages of coppicing

A

can be eaten by herbivores

44
Q

pollarding

A

similar to coppicing

trees cut 2-3m above grand

45
Q

advantages of pollarding

A

herbivores less likely to reach + consume new shoots

46
Q

disadvantage of pollarding

A

less new shoots forming

47
Q

large scale timber production

A

felling

48
Q

felling

A

burning / cutting down large areas of forest

selective cutting

49
Q

disadvantages of felling

A

felled trees wont regrow

habitats destroyed

soil minerals reduced

bare soil can be eroded

50
Q

management of fishing

A

international agreements made about number of fish that can be caught – fishing quotas

use of nets with larger mesh sizes – immature fish can escape – allow breeding to occur

limiting the size of the fishing fleet by issuing licenses

commercial / residential fishing only at certain times of year – prevent loss of wild species

= protect breeding season
= allows fish levels to increase back to sustainable level

fish farming

  • sell larger fish + keep smaller ones and let reproduce
  • maintain protein supply
  • prevent loss of wild species
51
Q

Why is preservation not enough to maintain biodiversity

A

Preservation only keeps the environment as it is

If the ecosystem has already decreased preservation doesn’t prevent further loss
Takes active intervention

52
Q

masai mara

A
  • ecotourism
  • conservation projects

safari tours - provides funding for black rhino conservation project

locals as park rangers - provided more jobs

53
Q

ecotourism

A

sustainable tourism focused on observing natural environment that supports conservation efforts and the local people

54
Q

ecotourism in masai mara

A
  • supports conservation efforts
  • takes the needs of the locals into account
  • doesnt explot biodiveristy
  • balance between needs of local people and local wildlife
55
Q

advantages of conservation - masai mara

A

helps protect biodiversity
stops rare plants and animals becoming extinct
deters poachers
local people employed

56
Q

terai region

A

sustainle forestry management
sustainable agriculture

  • local forest cover has increased
  • local people employed and no longer exploiting ecosystem
  • biodiveristy protected

multiple cropping introduced to reduce monoculture
fruit and veg grown near mountains to prevent damage to forest

57
Q

peat bogs

A

area of land formed from acidic and waterlogged soil

important
habitat for unique ecosystem
carbon sink
prevent flooding

58
Q

conserve peat bogs

A

removing trees so water isnt lost
controlled grazing - maintains biodiversity
ditch blockinh - allows water to drain in

59
Q

galapagos

A

national parks
park rangers
controlled migration

60
Q

antartica

A

visiting heavily restricted
managing tourism
preventing hunting of whales

61
Q

snowdonia / lake district

A

national park created
park rangers hired

Biology - Module 6 (6 decks)

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