POpulations And Sustainability

Question 1

3 stages of the population growth curve

Answer 1

Slow growth
Rapid growth
Stable state

Question 2

Slow growth - population growth curve

Answer 2

The small numbers of individuals tat are initially present reproduce increasing the total population.

Birth rate is higher than death rate = population grows in size

Question 3

Rapid growth - population growth curve

Answer 3

As the number of breeding individuals increases, the total population multiplies exponentially

NO constraints act to limit the population explosion

Question 4

Stable state -population growth curve

Answer 4

Further population growth is presented by external constraints

The population size flutuates , but overall size remains stable - usually due to limiting factors e.g. Predators

Birth rates and death rates equal

Question 5

What are limiting factors

Answer 5

Prevent further growth of a population and in some cases cause it to decline

Question 6

Abiotic factors

Answer 6

Non living

Temperature, light, pH, availability of o2 and h20, humidity

Question 7

Biotic factors

Answer 7

Living

E.g. Predators, disease and competition

Question 8

Carrying capacity

Answer 8

Maximum population size that an environment can support

Although individual years will show increases or decreases, they are often SMALL = pop size remains stable

Question 9

I mmigration VS emigration

Answer 9

Im= into

Em= out of

Question 10

Density independent factors

Answer 10

Factors that have an effect on the whole population regardless of its size

E..g earthquakes, fires and volcanic eruptions

Question 11

Types of competition

Answer 11

Interspecific

Intra specific

Question 12

Inter specific competition

Answer 12

Between different speciies

Question 13

Intra specific

Answer 13

Between members of the same speciies

Question 14

Interspecific competition - what happens ?

Answer 14

If 2 speciies are both competition for the same source , but ONE is more adapted - other is out competed

Question 15

Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 15

F the conditions are the same, the less well adapted with decline in number and non longer exist in habitat adapted species

INTER SPECIFIC competition

2 specific competition for limited resources, the one that uses them more effectively will eliminate the othe

Question 16

Grey and red squirrels in the UK - competition

Answer 16

Between red and grey squirrels for food and territory in the UK

in the 1870s the grey squirrel( native of North America) was introduced into the wild in the UK

Grey squirrels can eat a wider range of food, is larger ad can store more fat = more likely to survive

Question 17

Intraspecific competition - stage 1,2,3

Answer 17

Stage 1- wen a resource is plentiful, all organisms have enough to I survive and reproduce- increase in pop size

Stage 2 - increased pop= more individuals that share the food or space available, resources now limited - not enough is available for all organisms to survive POplation will DECREASEin size

Stage 3- less competition exists as the smaller. Population means less organisms come pitting for same resources = more survive and reproduce = population growth

Question 18

Stages 1-4 for predator prey relationships

Answer 18

Stag 1- increase in prey = more food for predators = increase in predator pop ( survive and reproduce)
Stage 2-increased predator pop eats more prey - they decline
Stage 3- reduced prey population can no longer sport the large predator population. Intraspecific competition for food increase= rdecrease in the size of predator pop

Stage 4- reduced predator = more prey

Question 19

Limitations of predator pray graph

Answer 19

Often more factors influence population size
Availability of the food plants for the prey or the presence of other predators
Fluctuations in numbers may result also from seasonal changes in abiotic factors

Question 20

Conservation

Answer 20

Maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management
Mmaintaining diversity, genetic diversity within species and habitats
Management of ecosystems - sustainable development
Reclamation

Question 21

What is reclamation

Answer 21

Restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed e..g controlled burning ( halt succession and increase biodiversity

Question 22

Preservation

Answer 22

Protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference
ORIGNIAL state
Sensitive resorces, easily damaged or destroyed
Visitation NOT allowed
E.g. Virgin caves

Question 23

Importance of conservation- economic

Answer 23

To provide resources that humans need to survive and produce an income

Medicinal drugs, clothes, timber, paper
Trading

Question 24

Conservation importance - social

Answer 24

Natural beauty enjoyed by many

Activities beneficial to Heath - relocation and exercise

Question 25

Ethical - importance of conservation

Answer 25

Right to exist and most organisms have a role in the ecosystem

We don’t have the right to decide which organisms can survive

We have moral responsibility for future generations, to conserve existing natural organisms

Question 26

A sustainable resource

Answer 26

A renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it will not diminish or run out

Question 27

Aims of sustainability

Answer 27

Preserve the environment
Ensure resources are available for future generations
Allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
Enable LEDCS to develop
Creating more even balance in the consumption of these resources between MEDCS and LEDCS

Existing resources should be used more efficiently

Question 28

Small scale timber production

Answer 28

COPPICING 
= Tree trunk cut close to the ground
=NEw shoots form from the cut surface and mature 
= these shoots are eventually cut 
= MANY uses e.g. Fences

Question 29

Rotational coppicing

Answer 29

Trees are only cut in a particular section until all have been coppicied , then begins in another area meaning the newly coppicied trees can grow
Maintains biodiversity, trees can never grow enough to block out light, no succession =more speciies can survive

Question 30

Pollarding

Answer 30

SMALL SCALE

- Trunk is cut higher up = deer and other animal cannot eat the shoots as they appear

Question 31

Large scale timber production

Answer 31

Felling large areas of forest, these are DESTROYED and will not regrow

Replant, selective cutting ( only largest trees), pest management to maximise yields, ensure areas of forest remain for indigenous people = sustainable

Question 32

Disadvantage of large scale timber production

Answer 32

Habitats destroyed, soil minerals are reduced, soil susceptible to erosion

Trees important for binding soil, removing h20, maintaining nutrient levels through their role in the carbon and nitrogen cycles

Question 33

4 ways to promote sustainable fishing

Answer 33

• fishing quotas
• Nets with different mesh sizes- so immature cna escape
• Allowing fishing at certain times of year = protecting breeding season a nd fish can grow to a sustainable size
• FIsh farming to maintain supply of protein food while pretending loss of wild speciies

Question 34

Masai Maria

Answer 34

Savannah ecosystem , large mammals 
Livestock graving- local tribes - NOW limited to edge of reserve 
More cultivation
Ecotourism 
Nature reserve

Question 35

Masai Mara- balance between humans and animals

Answer 35

Elephants threaten cultivation ( stomp on crops), nut this has an effect on migration
Less hunting- cull excess animal but has to be closely monitored
Migration of wild= diseases for domestic animals
Population of humans increases= more homes required as well as land for cattle and agriculture

Question 36

Ecotourism

Answer 36

Ensure tourism doesn’t exploit
Consult and engage with local communities on planned developments
Ensure that infrastructure improvements benefit local people and visitors

Question 37

Terrai region of Nepal

Answer 37

Hot and humid in summer months, and is opposed of reptile soil, rich in plant nutrients

Has been some deforestation and monsoon flooding

Improvements in conservation, improved soil and management, increase in retail price of forestry products, employment and income generation through forest protection securing biodiversity ( community forestry groups work)

Question 38

Promoting sustainable agriculture

Answer 38

Promoting the production of fruit and veg in the hills and mountain regions to avoid further intensification of the terai

• improving irrigation facilities to enhance crop production
• multiple cropping
• Growth on N fixing crops such not as pulses= increases the fertility
• improving fertilisation techniques to enhance crop yields- e.g. Manure

Question 39

Peat bogs

Answer 39

A region of wet, spongy ground that contains decomposition vegetation
Ensuring that the peat and vegetation of the bog surface is as nudist routed and wet as possible
Controlled grazing. - maintain biodiversity
Removal of seedling trees ( had a high water requirement, removing h20, reducing its ability to support bog vegetation)§

Question 40

Management techniques- sensitive area

Answer 40

Limiting areas tourists can visit 
Controlling movement of livestock 
Anti poaching measures introduced 
Replanting of forests and native pants 
Limiting hunting through quotas and seasonal bans

Question 41

Galapagos -protecting Living and non living parts

Answer 41

Park rangers
Limiting human access
Controlling migration to /form islands
Strict controls over movement of introduced animals e.g. Pigs

Question 42

Antarctica - controlling effects of human activities

Answer 42

• discharging waste into sea, including sewage
• hunting whales and seals
• global warming
• soil contamination

Question 43

Antarctic treaty - Antarctica

Answer 43

Scientific cooperation between the nations
Protection of environment
Conservation of plants and animals
Designation and management of protected areas
Management of tourisme

Question 44

Snowdonia national park, Wales— key purposes of park authority

Answer 44

Conserve and enhance natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of this area

Promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the park

Enhance the economics and social wel being of communities within the park

Question 45

Lake District, England - role of authority

Answer 45

Conserve the region while enabling access for many visitors each year