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Biology Y13 > Populations and ecosystems/speciation > Flashcards

Populations and ecosystems/speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

Species definition

A

2 species are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Niche definition

A

The role of a species in its ecosystem and how interacts with all the biotic and abiotic factors

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3
Q

Hierarchy definition

A

Smaller groups within larger groups with NO overlaps

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4
Q

What is each group in a hierarchy called?

A

Taxon

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5
Q

What is the anagram for the classifications system?

A

Decide, King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausage

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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6
Q

What are the 3 domains organisms are sorted into?

A
  1. Eukaryota
  2. Bacteria
  3. Archaea
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7
Q

What are 3 difficulties in defining species?

A
  1. Can change and evolve over time
  2. Can be considerable variation within a species
  3. Many species are extinct and haven’t left a fossil record
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8
Q

How are isolated organisms tested for being in the same species?

A

By their ability to interbreed and produce FERTILE offspring

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9
Q

How are species named?

A

Genus species (genus always starts with a capital letter, species never starts with a capital letter) e.g. Homo sapiens

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10
Q

What is one way that different species can be distinguished?

A

Courtship behaviour (species-specific)

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11
Q

How can DNA/mRNA be used to classify species?

A

Closely-related species will have a higher % of similarities in DNA base sequence –> DNA hybridisation (one strand from one species, other strand from the other species, more hydrogen bonds formed = more closely related)

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12
Q

How can proteins be used to classify species?

A

Related organisms have similar DNA base sequences so similar amino acid sequences in their proteins

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13
Q

How can the immunological comparisons of proteins be used to classify proteins?

A

Greater the number of similar antigens = more precipitate formed = more closely related

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14
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

Variety of living organisms in an area

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15
Q

Community definition

A

All the populations of different species in a habitat

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16
Q

Habitat definition

A

The place where an organism lives

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17
Q

What does species richness measure?

A

The number of different species in a community

18
Q

What does index of diversity measure?

A

The number of species and number of individuals in each species within a community (higher value = more biodiversity)

19
Q

How does clearing woodland reduce biodiversity?

A

Reduces variety of plant species, reduces variety of habitats and food sources, reduces variety of birds/fish/animals

20
Q

How does monoculture (single type of plant growing in a field) reduce biodiversity?

A

Reduces variety of food sources and habitats for organisms

21
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

Maximum population size of a species an ecosystem can support

22
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living e.g. pH, nitrates

23
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Living e.g. disease, predation, competition, prey

24
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Between members of the SAME species

25
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Between members of DIFFERENT species

26
Q

What happens if 2 species occupy the same niche?

A

One will out-compete the other

27
Q

Succession definition

A

Gradual replacement of one plant community by another over a period of time, through a series of seral stages, starting with the pioneer community and ending with the climax community

28
Q

What is primary and secondary succession?

A

Primary - original area has no soils/organisms
Secondary - following disturbance, soil is present

29
Q

How does succession occur?

A
  1. Pioneer species survive in hostile conditions
  2. Change the abiotic conditions to become less hostile and more suitable
  3. New species colonise which are better adapted
  4. Out-compete pioneer species
  5. Over time species diversity increases and conditions less hostile
  6. Ends with climax community
30
Q

What is a plagioclimax community?

A

Deflected climax community due to human activity

31
Q

What is speciation?

A

Genetic differences in one population lead to an inability of members of the population to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

32
Q

What is the anagram for allopatric speciation?

A

GAMASSRIFTS

Geographically isolated
Abiotic conditions are different
Mutations
Advantageous alleles
Selective pressure
Survive
Reproduce
Inherit alleles
Frequency of allele increases
Time (many generations)
Species can’t interbreed to produce fertile offspring

33
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Occurs within the SAME environment, by chance some organisms have mutations which give different alleles, separates gene pools, over time too genetically different to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, DISRUPTIVE selection

34
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Changes in allele frequency in SMALL populations (have smaller gene pool, by CHANCE one allele becomes more frequent than another)

35
Q

How do you know how many quadrats to use to get representative data when random sampling?

A

Calculate a running mean until the mean becomes constant

36
Q

What is the 5-step method for random sampling with quadrats?

A
  1. Use random number table to randomly select co-ordinates to take samples at
  2. Set up 10x10m grid
  3. Place quadrat at first co-ordinate and record number of ___ in quadrat
  4. Repeat step 3 at different co-ordinates until running mean becomes constant
  5. Multiply mean by number of times quadrat fits into the area
37
Q

What is the 5-step method for systematic sampling with belt transects?

A
  1. Place multiple parallel transects ___
  2. Choose transect randomly using random number generator
  3. Place quadrats at regular intervals
  4. Measure % cover of each species
  5. Repeat with parallel transects
38
Q

What are the 3 assumptions made with Mark, Release, Recapture?

A
  1. Birth rate = death rate
  2. No immigration/emigration
  3. Marking doesn’t affect survival
39
Q

What is the equation for calculating estimated population size for Mark, Release, Recapture?

A

(number in first sample x number in second sample) / number of marked in second sample

40
Q

What is the 5-step method for Mark, Release, Recapture?

A
  1. Set up a trap somewhere ___
  2. Record number of ___ captured and mark them in a way which doesn’t affect survival
  3. Release marked ___ and leave enough time for ___ to evenly mix with rest of population
  4. Set up trap again and record number of marked ___ in second sample
  5. Equation

Biology Y13 (13 decks)

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