Populations and ecosystems/speciation

Question 1

Species definition

Answer 1

2 species are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

Niche definition

Answer 2

The role of a species in its ecosystem and how interacts with all the biotic and abiotic factors

Question 3

Hierarchy definition

Answer 3

Smaller groups within larger groups with NO overlaps

Question 4

What is each group in a hierarchy called?

Answer 4

Taxon

Question 5

What is the anagram for the classifications system?

Answer 5

Decide, King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausage

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 6

What are the 3 domains organisms are sorted into?

Answer 6

1. Eukaryota
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea

Question 7

What are 3 difficulties in defining species?

Answer 7

1. Can change and evolve over time
2. Can be considerable variation within a species
3. Many species are extinct and haven’t left a fossil record

Question 8

How are isolated organisms tested for being in the same species?

Answer 8

By their ability to interbreed and produce FERTILE offspring

Question 9

How are species named?

Answer 9

Genus species (genus always starts with a capital letter, species never starts with a capital letter) e.g. Homo sapiens

Question 10

What is one way that different species can be distinguished?

Answer 10

Courtship behaviour (species-specific)

Question 11

How can DNA/mRNA be used to classify species?

Answer 11

Closely-related species will have a higher % of similarities in DNA base sequence –> DNA hybridisation (one strand from one species, other strand from the other species, more hydrogen bonds formed = more closely related)

Question 12

How can proteins be used to classify species?

Answer 12

Related organisms have similar DNA base sequences so similar amino acid sequences in their proteins

Question 13

How can the immunological comparisons of proteins be used to classify proteins?

Answer 13

Greater the number of similar antigens = more precipitate formed = more closely related

Question 14

Biodiversity definition

Answer 14

Variety of living organisms in an area

Question 15

Community definition

Answer 15

All the populations of different species in a habitat

Question 16

Habitat definition

Answer 16

The place where an organism lives

Question 17

What does species richness measure?

Answer 17

The number of different species in a community

Question 18

What does index of diversity measure?

Answer 18

The number of species and number of individuals in each species within a community (higher value = more biodiversity)

Question 19

How does clearing woodland reduce biodiversity?

Answer 19

Reduces variety of plant species, reduces variety of habitats and food sources, reduces variety of birds/fish/animals

Question 20

How does monoculture (single type of plant growing in a field) reduce biodiversity?

Answer 20

Reduces variety of food sources and habitats for organisms

Question 21

What is carrying capacity?

Answer 21

Maximum population size of a species an ecosystem can support

Question 22

What are abiotic factors?

Answer 22

Non-living e.g. pH, nitrates

Question 23

What are biotic factors?

Answer 23

Living e.g. disease, predation, competition, prey

Question 24

What is intraspecific competition?

Answer 24

Between members of the SAME species

Question 25

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 25

Between members of DIFFERENT species

Question 26

What happens if 2 species occupy the same niche?

Answer 26

One will out-compete the other

Question 27

Succession definition

Answer 27

Gradual replacement of one plant community by another over a period of time, through a series of seral stages, starting with the pioneer community and ending with the climax community

Question 28

What is primary and secondary succession?

Answer 28

Primary - original area has no soils/organisms Secondary - following disturbance, soil is present

Question 29

How does succession occur?

Answer 29

1. Pioneer species survive in hostile conditions 2. Change the abiotic conditions to become less hostile and more suitable 3. New species colonise which are better adapted 4. Out-compete pioneer species 5. Over time species diversity increases and conditions less hostile 6. Ends with climax community

Question 30

What is a plagioclimax community?

Answer 30

Deflected climax community due to human activity

Question 31

What is speciation?

Answer 31

Genetic differences in one population lead to an inability of members of the population to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 32

What is the anagram for allopatric speciation?

Answer 32

GAMASSRIFTS Geographically isolated Abiotic conditions are different Mutations Advantageous alleles Selective pressure Survive Reproduce Inherit alleles Frequency of allele increases Time (many generations) Species can't interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 33

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 33

Occurs within the SAME environment, by chance some organisms have mutations which give different alleles, separates gene pools, over time too genetically different to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, DISRUPTIVE selection

Question 34

What is genetic drift?

Answer 34

Changes in allele frequency in SMALL populations (have smaller gene pool, by CHANCE one allele becomes more frequent than another)

Question 35

How do you know how many quadrats to use to get representative data when random sampling?

Answer 35

Calculate a running mean until the mean becomes constant

Question 36

What is the 5-step method for random sampling with quadrats?

Answer 36

1. Use random number table to randomly select co-ordinates to take samples at 2. Set up 10x10m grid 3. Place quadrat at first co-ordinate and record number of ___ in quadrat 4. Repeat step 3 at different co-ordinates until running mean becomes constant 5. Multiply mean by number of times quadrat fits into the area

Question 37

What is the 5-step method for systematic sampling with belt transects?

Answer 37

1. Place multiple parallel transects ___ 2. Choose transect randomly using random number generator 3. Place quadrats at regular intervals 4. Measure % cover of each species 5. Repeat with parallel transects

Question 38

What are the 3 assumptions made with Mark, Release, Recapture?

Answer 38

1. Birth rate = death rate 2. No immigration/emigration 3. Marking doesn't affect survival

Question 39

What is the equation for calculating estimated population size for Mark, Release, Recapture?

Answer 39

(number in first sample x number in second sample) / number of marked in second sample

Question 40

What is the 5-step method for Mark, Release, Recapture?

Answer 40

1. Set up a trap somewhere ___ 2. Record number of ___ captured and mark them in a way which doesn't affect survival 3. Release marked ___ and leave enough time for ___ to evenly mix with rest of population 4. Set up trap again and record number of marked ___ in second sample 5. Equation