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Biology > Population & sustainability > Flashcards

Population & sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three different stages in a population growth graph

A
  1. Slow growth
  2. Rapid growth
  3. Stable state
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2
Q

Describe the slow growth phase

A
  • the small number of individuals that are present reproduce
  • the population increases
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3
Q

Describe the rapid growth stage

A

as the number of breeding individuals increase the population grows exponentially

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4
Q

Describe the stable state

A
  • Further growth is prevented due to limiting factors
  • the population fluctuates
  • the birth rate = the death rate
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5
Q

What are the limting factors

A
  • Abiotic and biotic
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6
Q

Name the biotic living factors that effect population size

A
  • predation
  • competition
  • disease
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7
Q

What are the abiotic factors that effect population size

A
  • PH
  • Humidity
  • temperature
  • light intensity
  • availability of water etc
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8
Q

What are other factors that can also effect population size?

A
  • migration
  • denisty independent factors
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9
Q

Define emmigration

A

the movement of individuals away from a particular area decreases pop size

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10
Q

Define immigration

A

the movement of individuals into a particular area increasing the population size

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11
Q

What is a density independent factor?

A
  • factors that effect the population regardless of the size
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12
Q

Define interspecific competition

A

competition between different species

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13
Q

Define intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of the same species

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14
Q

What is competitive exclusion principle

A

( inerspecific competition) the idea that the less well adapted species is more likely to be out competed

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15
Q

Describe the different stages of the intraspecific competition graph

A
  1. resources are plentiful & organisms survive and reproduce increase the pop
  2. resources are now limited & the pop will decrease in size
  3. decreased population means less indivduals are competing for the same resources. More organisms survive & reproduce and pop increases
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16
Q

Describe the predator & prey graph

A
  1. ^prey = more food for predators allowing more to survive and reproduce. Predator pop ^
  2. Predator pop ^ = more prey are eaten. Death rate > birth rate in prey pop.
  3. Prey pop decreases = less resources available for predator. they are less able to survive & reproduce. Pred pop decreases
  4. Reduced pred pop = more prey are able to survive and reproduce. Prey pop ^
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17
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

the maximum population an environment can support (occurs in stable state)

18
Q

what are reasons for conserving biological resources

A
  • ecotourism
  • to preserve biodiversity
  • asestheitc reasons
  • species/plants have potential for medicine
19
Q

What are managment practises used when sustainably producing timber?

A
  • coppicing/pollarding
  • selective felling
  • rotational felling
  • replant trees after felling
20
Q

what are the benefits of sustainably producing timber?

A
  • maintains biodiversity
  • prevents soil eroision
  • less disturbance by machinary
21
Q

Explain how it is possible to produce timber sustainably using clear felling

A
  • limit the size of the area that is felled to reduce soil eroison
  • replanting of trees
  • minimum distance between replanted trees
  • allow time for new trees to fully grow before next felling
  • ensure there are protected areas for locals/ natives
22
Q

Describe the process of coppicing

A
  • coppicing - tree trunk cut close to the ground
  • several new shoots grow from the cut surface
  • protect young shoots from grazers
  • repeat process after certain time
  • rotational coppicing
23
Q

What are the benefits of coppicing?

A
  • new stems grow rapidl than saplings
  • life span of tree is extended
  • provides variety of light levels
  • fewer larger trees means more life for smaller plants
  • provides a variety of habitats
  • roots prevent soil eroision
  • maintains soil quality
  • prevents sucession
  • large machinary is not needed
24
Q

Describe the difference between conservation and preservation

A
  • conservation maintains biodiversity and involves the sustainable managment of ecosystem
  • preservation leaves ecosystems undisturbed
25
Q

what impact has human activity had on the galapagos islands?

A
  • habitat destruction due to building homes
  • introduction of new species/birds leading to competition
  • Introduction of new diseases
  • hunting/0ver fishing i.e giant tortise are effected
  • deforestation
  • land used for agriculture
26
Q

define conservation

A

the maintenance of human activity through human action/management

27
Q

define preservation

A

the preservation of an area by restricting or banning human interferance

28
Q

What is an example of conservation

A

reclamation - the process of restoring ecosystems that have been damaged

29
Q

what are reasons for preservation/conservation?

A
  • economic - to provide resources that humans need to survive on
  • social - asesthetic reasons
  • ethical - all organisms have the right to exist
30
Q

what is the aim of sustainability?

A
  • preserve environment
  • ensure resources are available for future generations
  • enable LEDC’S to develope ( by using their natrual resources)
  • ensure there is a balance of consumptin between MEDC’S and LEDC’S
    *
31
Q

what are examples of sustainability in small scale timber production?

A
  • coppicing
  • rotational coppicing
  • pollarding
32
Q

Define coppicing

A

tree trunk is cut close to the ground ( suceptible to herbivores)

33
Q

Define pollarding

A

tree trunk is cut higher up to avoid herbivores

34
Q

Define clear felling

A

the burning of trees

35
Q

what are the benefits of rotational coppicing

A
  • maintains biodiversity
  • no competition for light
36
Q

what are some sustainable fishing methods?

A
  • have fishing quotas
  • use nets with different mesh sizes
  • restriciting fishing to certain times of the year
  • fish farming -maintans protien suppl & prevents loss of wild species
37
Q

what is the conflict between conservation and preservation in the masai mara?

A
  • poacing has lowered animal population
  • park rangers have been employed and provided with necessary equipment
  • elephants trampling on crops - farm land fenced off
  • legal hunting of overpopulated species are allowed at certain times
38
Q

what is the conflict between preservtion and consveration in the terai region

A
  • forests are being cleared to make products
  • there has been an increase in the retail price of forestry products leading to greater ecnomic input into the region
  • more sustainable wood feul resources
  • promotion of fruit/veg from other areas
  • improved irrigation for crops
  • use more nitrogen fixing plants
39
Q

What is the conflict between preservation & conservation in peatbogs

A
  • used for fertiliser
  • takes thousands of years to form
  • supports rare species of plants
  • no tree to be planted nearby as it will remove water
  • no grazing of animals - reduce soil quality
  • no constructing ditches near peatbogs
40
Q

How can human activity be limited in the galapogos island?

A
  • introduction of park rangers
  • limiting human access to particular islands
  • stricter control on migration and introduction of animals
41
Q

What has happened in antartica and what has the response been?

A
  • overfishing & whaling - has been banned
  • waste must be taken with you when you leave
  • boats are not allowed to dump their waste into the sea
42
Q

What has happened in snowdania & lake district and what has the response been?

A
  • visitors encouraged to use paths to protect native species
  • litter is encouraged to be placed in bins
  • speed limits on boats

Biology (2 decks)

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