population studies (birth and death rate) Flashcards
difference in birth rate in developing vs developed countries
high in developing countries, low in developed countries
difference in death rate in developing vs developed countries
high in developing countries, low in developed countries
how many factors contribute to high birth rate in developing countries
12
factors contributing to high birth rate in developing countries
traditional/religious beliefs and customs, absence of old age security, adherence to religious doctrine, agrarian-based economy, high infant mortality rate, absence of family planning programmes, political, low literacy rate, rural setting/environment, disempowerment of illiterate women, early marriages, increase in land productivity and food production
describe how traditional/religious beliefs and customs contribute to a high birth rate
- sons retain the family name while daughters need dowry to be paid, hence it is preferred to have a male heir while daughters are seen as a liability
- adds status in community for having sons
- couples continue having children until they succeed in having sons
describe how absence of old age security contributes to a high birth rate
- people are not looked after through pensions or healthcare services and children are viewed as security when parents reach old age
describe how adherence to religious doctrine contributes to a high birth rate
- some in the muslim and roman catholic religions oppose artificial birth control
describe how agrarian-based economy contributes to a high birth rate
- children are regarded as assets and provide labour in farms to help bring additional income
- low cost to raise children
describe how high infant mortality rate contributes to a high birth rate
- medical and health services are poor, hence parents give birth to as many children as possible to ensure more survive to adulthood
describe how absence of family planning programmes contributes to a high birth rate
- no investment in sex education
- lack of information about birth control / family planning
describe how political factors contribute to a high birth rate
- government offers inducements and concessions to have large families
describe how low literacy rate contributes to a high birth rate
- ignorance or lack of education on family planning and knowledge on birth control
- low social awareness
- little opportunity for employment
- limited choice of action
describe how rural setting / environment contributes to a high birth rate
- availability of space to carry a large family
- low expenses to raise children due to low cost of living
describe how early marriages contribute to a high birth rate
- average marriage age in developing countries around 15
- women who marry young have more children since they have more child-bearing years
describe how increase in land productivity and food production contributes to a high birth rate
- methods of cultivation have alleviated starvation and famine
how many factors contribute to low birth rate in developed countries
5
factors that contribute to low birth rate in developed countries
birth control, low infant mortality rate, high literacy rate, increased desire for material possession, women being more career-oriented
describe how birth control contributes to a low birth rate in developed countries
- widely practised
- include abortion, sterilisation, use of contraceptives
describe how low infant mortality rate contributes to a low birth rate in developed countries
- less pressure to have children since healthcare is better and children will most likely survive
describe how high literacy rate contributes to a low birth rate in developed countries
- sex education is practiced
- children have a long education creating delays in having children
- increased mechanics action leads to fewer labourers and hence less kids needed
- with economic development, industrialisation and urbanisation, more people work in offices and factories where children cannot work until they are re older
describe how increased desire for material possession contributes to a low birth rate in developed countries
- as wealth increases, people have a greater aspiration for material things such as cars
- it is easier to achieve and maintain a high standard of living with a small family
describe how women being more career-oriented contributes to a low birth rate in developed countries
- women are more educated and liberated and do not see their role as that of only bearing children
- unwilling to give up careers to start a family early - shorter child bearing years
- some choose to remain single
how many factors contribute to high death rate in developing countries
5
factors that contribute to high death rate in developing countries
- diseases and plague
- famine, uncertain food supplies, poor diet
- poor hygiene (no piped water or sewage disposal)
- little medical science (few doctors, hospitals, drugs)
- natural disasters
