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A2 Biology 1 > Population Size And Ecosystems > Flashcards

Population Size And Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors make ecosystems dynamic?

A
  • intensity of energy
  • biological cycles( nitrogen cycle)
  • habitats change- succession
  • new species and extinction
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2
Q

What determines the size of a population?

A
  • birth rate/ natality
  • death rate/ mortality
  • immigration
  • emigration
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3
Q

Describe fugitive species

A
  • poor at competition
  • rely on large capacity for reproduction and dispersion
  • invade new environment rapidly
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4
Q

Describe equilibrium species

A

Competition within a stable habitat

One step growth curve

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5
Q

Definition of carrying capacity

A

The maximum number around which a population fluctuates in a given environment

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6
Q

What are density dependent factors?

A

More affect in larger population

- biotic factors: parasites, disease, food supply

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7
Q

What are density independent factors?

A

Not affected by population density

Due to sudden change in abiotic factors: temperature

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8
Q

Definition of abundance

A

Measure of how many individuals exist in a habitat

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9
Q

Ways to measure abundance in animals

A
  • capture mark recapture

- kick sampling

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10
Q

Ways to measure abundance in plants

A
  • Quadrat
  • percentage cover
  • percentage frequency
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11
Q

Definition of distribution

A

Area or volume in which a species is found

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12
Q

How to measure distribution in uniform habitat

A

Outermost plants are marked and area inside is measured

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13
Q

Describe belt transects

A

Show abundance data for a given area at measured distances along the transect
Quadrat placed at each coordinate along the transect and a reading taken

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14
Q

Definition of ecosystem

A

A characteristic community of interdependent species interacting with the abiotic components of their habitat.

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15
Q

Definition of habitat

A

The place in which an organism lives

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16
Q

Definition of community

A

Interacting populations of two or more species in the same habitat

17
Q

Gross primary productivity

A

The rate of production of chemical energy in organic molecules by photosynthesis in a given area in a given time. KJ m-2 y-1

18
Q

Net primary productivity

A

Energy in the plants biomass which is available to primary consumers.
KJ m-2 y-1

19
Q

Equation for NPP

A

NPP= GPP- respiration

20
Q

Primary productivity

A

The rate at which producers convert energy into biomass.

21
Q

Secondary productivity

A

The rate at which consumers convert the chemical energy of their food into biomass.

22
Q

Definition of succession

A

The change in structure and species composition of a community over time

23
Q

Definition of climax community

A

A stable community that has reached equilibrium with its environment and no further change occurs

24
Q

Definition of primary succession

A

The change in structure and species composition of a community over time in an area that has not previously been colonised

25
Q

Definition of pioneer species

A

The first species to colonise a new area in an ecology succession

26
Q

Definition of secondary succession

A

The changes in a community following the disturbance or damage to a colonised habitat

27
Q

What effects the length of a food chain?

A
  • more energy enters at first level
  • energy transferred efficiently
  • predator and prey populations
  • larger ecosystems
  • 3D environment
28
Q

Why is some light that falls on plants not absorbed?

A
  • wrong wavelength
  • reflected
  • transmitted straight through leaf
29
Q

How energy is lost at each tropic level

A
  • molecules that are egested
  • lost as heat
  • parts of animal not eaten
30
Q

Disadvantages of pyramid of numbers

A
  • no size of organisms
  • no juvenile and adults
  • difficult to draw to scale
  • may be inverted
31
Q

Disadvantages of pyramid of biomass

A
  • difficult to measure
  • doesn’t indicate amount of energy
  • may be inverted
32
Q

Ammonification

A

Proteases digest proteins into amino acids

Deaminases remove NH2 groups from amino acids and reduce them to ammonium ions

33
Q

Nitrification

A

Addition of nitrites and nitrates to the soil

Nitrosomonas converts ammonium ions to nitrites

Nitrobacter converts nitrites to nitrates

34
Q

Denitrification

A

Loss of nitrate from the soil

Pseudomonus converts nitrate to nitrogen

35
Q

Human impact on nitrogen cycle

A
  • ploughing fields- soil aeration
  • draining land
  • haber process - artificial nitrogen fixation
  • animal waste
  • slurry
    Planting legumes

A2 Biology 1 (2 decks)

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