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Biology A Level Unit 3 > Population Size and Ecosystems > Flashcards

Population Size and Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

population

A

group of organism of same species living in a particular area

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2
Q

intraspecific + interspecific species

A

between same species + between different species

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3
Q

population growth

A

births + immigration - deaths + emigration

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4
Q

lag phase

A

period of slow population growth

bacteria adapting/preparing for growth (e.g. enzyme synthesis)

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5
Q

log (exponential) phase

A

period of rapid cell division, cell production exceeds cell death
abundance of nutrients, low toxic waste, bacteria divide at constant rate, population doubles per unit per time

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6
Q

stationary phase

A

period where number of cells produced is equal to number of cells that die, population reaches carrying capacity
limiting factors take effect

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7
Q

death (decline) phase

A

period where cell death exceeds cell production

shortage of nutrients, build-up of toxic waste

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8
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population size a particular environment can support

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9
Q

population density

A

number of organisms in a given space

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10
Q

factors that limit population growth called

A

‘environmental resistance’

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11
Q

density dependent factors

A
  • pop density increases, factors (biotic) have stronger effect
  • food supply
  • predation
  • disease + parasitism
  • accumulation of toxic waste
  • components for limited resources (nesting sites)
  • oxygen concentration
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12
Q

density independent factors

A
  • affects pop no matter its density (abiotic factors)
  • weather
  • natural disasters
  • temperature (lab flask/fermenter)
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13
Q

biotic

A

caused by living organisms

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14
Q

abiotic

A

caused by non-living components of environment

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15
Q

limiting factors

A

determine carrying capacity of an environment for a species

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16
Q

population fluctuates

A

around a ‘set point’, regulated by negative feedback

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17
Q

sampling techniques

A

measuring abundance = capture - mark - recapture

measuring distribution = belt transect

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18
Q

habitat

A

place where organism lives

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19
Q

community

A

interacting population of sexual species living in same habitat at same time

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20
Q

ecosystem

A

characteristica community of interdependent species interacting with biotic + abiotic components and their habitats

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21
Q

sun as energy source for ecosystems

A

photosynthesis, light energy to chemical

22
Q

trophic level

A

feeding level

23
Q

biomass

A

mass of biological material in living/recently living organisms

24
Q

biomass transfer

A

food chain
plants, herbivores, carnivores
decomposition

25
Q

decomposition

A

producers/consumers die, detritivores + decomposers feed as saprobients

26
Q

photosynthetic efficiency

A

quantity of light energy incorporated into product ÷ quantity of energy falling on plant × 100

27
Q

primary productivity

A

rate at which energy is converted by producers into biomass (kg/m2/yr) or rate of producing glucose in plants (kJ/m2/yr)

28
Q

secondary productivity

A

rate at which consumers convert chemical energy of food into biomass

29
Q

gross primary productivity

A

rate at which energy (kJm-2yr-1) is fixed inside new organic products in plants

30
Q

net primary productivity

A

energy (kJm-2yr-1) in plants biomass available to primary consumers
GPP - respiration = NPP

31
Q

efficiency of energy transfer

A

energy available after transfer ÷ energy available before transfer × 100

32
Q

succession

A

change in structure + composition of species which make up a community over time due to changes in environment produced by species at each stage

33
Q

seral stage

A

stage in succession

34
Q

pioneer species

A

first organisms to colonise a habitat

found in first seral stage

35
Q

climax community

A

stable community, reached equilibrium

final seral stage

36
Q

primary succession

A

happena in new habitat never colonised before

37
Q

primary succession

A

happena in new habitat never colonised before

38
Q

secondary succession

A

series of changes in a community which take place in damaged previously colonised habitat

39
Q

human interference affecting succession

A

sheep grazing
crops
burning heather moors

40
Q

3 factors that have a role in succession

A

immigration
facilitation
interspecific competition

41
Q

carbon cycle

A

atmospheric CO2

respiration (feeding + assimilation and decomposition involved), photosynthesis, combustion (fossilisation involved)

42
Q

deforestation

A

reduced photosynthesis, reduced rate CO2 removed from atmosphere, tress burn/decay add to CO2

43
Q

burning fossil fuels

A

adds to CO2

44
Q

consequences of global warming

A

melting of polar ice, drought, forest fires affect distribution of species
extinction
rising sea levels

45
Q

carbon footprint

A

total amount of CO2 generated by actions of an individual/product/service over 1 year

46
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, putrefaction (ammonification), denitrification

47
Q

bacteria in nitrogen cycle

A

azobacter - nitrogen fixation (nitrogen to ammonia)
rhizobium - nitrogen fixation (nitrogen to ammonia)
nitrosomonas - nitrification (ammonia to nitrite)
nitrobacer - nitrification (nitrite to nitrate)
pseudomonas - denitrification (nitrate to nitrogen)

48
Q

ploughing

A

aerate + drain soil prevents waterlogging
removes anaerobic conditions for denitrifying bacteria
promotes aerobic conditions for nitrifying bacteria
plant roots can take up nitrogen to make organic nitrogen compounds (improves growth)

49
Q

fertilisers

A

manure + slurry contain nitrogen compounds that can be broken down by putrifying bacteria into nitrate ions/nitrogen for plants

50
Q

artificial fertilisers

A

ammonium ions taken up by plants for protein synthesis

51
Q

negative impacts of fertilizers on ecosystems

A

increased growth of grass + nettles shade smaller plants (biodiversity reduced)
drainage ditches reduce biodivirsity
eutrophication

52
Q

eutrophication

A
  • leaching of nitrogen into rivers by rain
  • eutrophication water (high in nitrates)
  • plant growth sped up
  • algae grows quickly
  • algal bloom blocks sunlight reaching plants at bottom
  • plants can’t photosynthesis, die
  • short lived algae dies
  • dead plants decomposed by aerobic bacteria + fungi (biochemical oxygen demand)
  • fish + other oxygen requiring species die

Biology A Level Unit 3 (8 decks)

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