Population - Human Environments Flashcards
In the context of developed and developing countries: - use of social and economic indicators - physical and human factors influencing global population distribution - factors affecting birth and death rates
1
Q
Study Diagram Q11. Choose one economic and one social indicator from the table. Explain the ways in which your chosen indicators show the level of development in a country (4).
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2
Q
Look at Diagram Q12. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of recent developments in farming in developed countries such as the UK. (5)
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3
Q
Study Diagram Q9A
Give reasons for the differences between the population structures of Austria
and Nigeria.
You should refer to both birth rates and death rates in your answer. (6)
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4
Q
Look at Diagram Q9B.
Give reasons for falling worldwide death rates. (4)
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5
Q
Look at Diagram Q12.
Give reasons for the differences in population density across the world. You may refer to both physical and human factors in your answer. (6)
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6
Q
Study Diagram Q13 Explain the differences in the population structures of Bolivia and the Netherlands. You should refer to both birth rates and death rates in your answer. (6)
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7
Q
Study Diagram Q12A. Describe, in detail, the different Gross National Incomes in 2015 worldwide. (4)
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8
Q
Look at Diagram Q12B.
Choose one social and one economic indicator of development shown in the table. Explain how your two chosen indicators show the level of development in a country. (4)
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9
Q
Look at Diagram Q7.
Explain why there are areas of different population density across the world. Your answer should refer to both physical and human factors. (4)
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10
Q
Look at Diagram Q7
Give reasons for falling worldwide death rates (6)
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10
Q
Look at Diagram Q7 Give reasons why the birth rate has decreased in developed countries such as Scotland. (6)
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11
Q
Define the term ‘Population’
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12
Q
Define the term ‘developed country’
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These countries are sometimes referred to as ‘more economically developed countries’ (MEDCs). They include countries that have a high standard of living or high physical quality of life.
13
Q
Define the term ‘developing country’
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Sometimes referred to as ‘less economically developed countries’ (LEDCs). The population generally has a low standard of living.
14
Q
The level of development of a country can be determined by using a set of ___________ and ___________ social indicators.
Fill in the gaps
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economic and social indicators
15
Q
Define the term ‘economic indicators’
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16
Q
Define the term ‘social indicators’
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17
Q
What are types of economic indicators?
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- Gross National Product (GNP)
- the active population
- average per capita income
- consumption of electricity per capita
- percentage unemployment
- data showing steel production in tonnes per capita
- trade patterns in terms of import and export figures
- trade balances in terms of surplus or deficits
18
Q
What does ‘Gross National Product (GNP) mean?
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The value of all goods and services produced by a country in a given period of time, such as one year. It is used as an indicator of the wealth of a country. However, it does not always reveal how well spread the wealth is among the population in general.
19
Q
How can the Gross National Product (GNP) be used as an economic indicator to help define a country’s level of development?
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20
Q
What does ‘the active population mean’?
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The section of the population of country which is economically active/working
21
Q
How can the data on ‘active population’ be used as an economic indicator to help define a country’s level of development?
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22
Q
What does ‘average per capita incomes’ mean?
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23
Q
How can the ‘average per capita income’ be used as an economic indicator to help define a country’s level of development?
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24
What does 'consumption of electricity per capita (kilowatts per capita) mean?
25
How can the 'consumption of electricity per capita' be used as an economic indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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What does 'percentage unemployment' mean?
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How can the 'percentage of unemployment' be used as an economic indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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What does 'steel production in tonnes per capita' mean?
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How can the 'steel production in tonnes per capita' be used as an economic indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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What does 'trade patterns in terms of import and export figures' mean?
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How can the 'import and export trade figures' be used as an economic indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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What does 'trade balances in terms of surplus or deficits' mean?
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How can the 'trade balances of surplus and deficits' be used as an economic indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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What are types of social indicators?
- birth rate
-death rate
- infant mortality rate
- life expectancy rate
- population structure e.g. distribution of age and sex (gender)
- average calorie intake per capita
- the average number of people per doctor
- literacy rates as an indication of the level of education
- the percentage of the population with access to clean water
- the percentage of homeless people
- the percentage of the population attending primary secondary school
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What does 'birth rate' mean?
The number of births per thousand of the population in a country in a given year.
This is a basic measure which is why it is termed as crude.
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What does 'death rate' mean?
The number of deaths per thousand of the population in a country in a given year.
This is a basic measure which is why it is termed as crude.
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What does 'infant mortality rate' mean?
The number of children below the age of one years old who die each year, per thousand of the population.
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What does 'life expectancy rate' mean?
The average age a person can expect to live to in a particular country. This is a good indicator of level of development, since people in more developed countries tend to live longer due to better healthcare, better diets, higher standards of education and housing etc.
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What does 'population structure' mean?
The grouping of the population of a country by age and sex. Analysis of the population structure may also indicate trends in birth an death rates, life expectancy and the possible impact of factors such as war and migration on the population.
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What does 'calorie intake per capita' mean?
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What does 'literacy rates' mean?
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How can the 'birth rate' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'death rate' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'infant mortality rate' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'life expectancy rate' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'population structure (age and sex/gender)' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'average calorie intake per capita' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'average number of people per doctor' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'literacy rate' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'percentage of the population with access to clean water' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
50
How can the 'percentage of homeless people' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
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How can the 'percentage of the population attending primary/secondary school' be used as a social indicator to help define a country's level of development?
52
Why should decision about a country's level of development be based on many indicators rather than on one individual indicator such as the Gross National Product (GNP)?
- using single indicators can be misleading as the data is based on averages (e.g. average GNP for Saudia Arabia is high but high income distribution is very unequal - varies from extremely high for some to very low for others).
- GNP may be high and indicate a high level of development but be based on a single commodity such as oil. Therefore on the face of things the country appears 'rich and developed' but other areas of the country are poor e.g. poverty, poor literacy levels etc.
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What is the 'Human Development Index'?
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What is the '
Physical Quality of Life Index'?
Combination of economic and social indicators produces a 'quality of life index'. This is the best method of assessing levels of development in any given country.
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What are 'Population Indices'
Examples are:
- Human Development Index
- Physical Quality of Life Index
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What are population pyramids?
They are diagrams to show population structures.
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What is the typical population structure in a Developed country?
- birth and death rates are both fairly low
- people have a fairly high life expectancy
- the number of people of both sexes (male and female) in the groups above 60 years is a relatively large proportion of the the rest of the graph
- the structure if fairly well balanced since the number of males and females in similar
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What is the typical population structure in a Developing country?
- The pyramid has a wider base, which indicates a high birth rate
- The shape narrows for both males and females until it is very narrow in the 65 + age groups
- This indicates that life expectancy is low
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What are examples of Developed countries?
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What are examples of Developing countries?
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What is the Global total population?
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How 'population structure graphs (age/ sex pyramids)' helpful?
- analysis of these diagrams can reveal patterns of birth and death rates, and an estimation of life expectancy
- the structure of these diagrams can visually indicate different levels of a country's development
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How do you 'read' a population structure diagram/ graph (known as population pyramids)
- the structure of the population of a country is defined in terms of age and sex (gender) distribution.
- Males and females are subdivided into different age groups e.g. 0-4, 5-9,etc
- the number of males and females in each group as a percentage of the total population is plotted on the graph (population pyramid)
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What skills do you think you use when interpreting population data?
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What is mean by the term 'Global Population Distribution'?
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What physical and human factors influence global population distribution?
Physical Factors:
- Relief
- Climate
- Resources
Human Factors:
- Employment opportunities
Such physical and human factors can influence population distribution and density.
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What is meant by the term 'population density'?
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What is meant be 'relief as a physical factor that influences global population distribution'?
Relief refers to the height and shape of the land
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What is meant be 'climate as a physical factor that influences global population distribution'?
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What is meant be 'resources as a physical factor that influences global population distribution'?
natural resources (e.g. oil, fertile soil, flat land, water) are sources (or a potential source) of wealth. If these are accessible in an area, large numbers of people are usually attracted to them.
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What is meant be 'employment opportunities as a human factor that influences global population distribution'?
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What are the positive and negative factors of 'relief' on global population distribution?
Positive:
- flat land for building settlements
- A good supply of water from rivers and valleys
- easy access e.g. location in a valley or on a coastal plain
Negative:
- situations that are fairly inaccessible e.g. mountains, jungles or deserts
- situations that are remote from other good settlement land
- Situations that are difficult to build on e.g steep slopes
71
What are the positive and negative factors of 'Climate' on global population distribution?
Positive
- climates that are suitable to live and work in - temperate climates that have mild to warm temperatures throughout the year and moderate/ adequate amounts of rainfall for water supplies are attractive.
- Climates that are suitable for growing crops
- Climates that are suitable for the development of tourism e.g. Mediterranean climates which are warm and dry in the summer, mild and wet in winter.
Negative:
- Areas where the climate is inhospitable e.g. too hot, too cold, too wet or too dry.
- these include climates such as hot deserts, tundra, Arctic and some equatorial/ tropical climates.
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What are the positive and negative factors of 'Resources' on global population distribution?
Positive:
- good fertile soil for farming
- flat land for arable farming
- mineral resources (coal, oil, copper, lithium, gold) attract both primary and manufacturing industry. This therefore means that large numbers of people are attracted to work in these industries and move to these locations.
Negative:
- Areas that lack natural resources do not offer much opportunity for human development and settlement. Therefore these geographical areas tend to have a low population density.
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What is meant be the term ' low population density'?
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What is meant be the term 'high population density'?
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How does 'Employment Opportunities' affect global population distribution?
Employment Opportunities in an area are more likely to occur when there is a combination of good:
- climate conditions
- suitable relief
- the presence of natural resources
Having these conditions in an area make it more suitable for industry and agricultural development to take place. Both types of development (industry and agricultural) require large numbers of people for labour - causing the population to rise in that area as people move to take up work. In addition having employment then leads to being able to afford better food and medical help which increases life expectancy. Adults in employment are more likely to afford to have a family which can cause birth rate to increase.
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In Developed countries, are workers more likely to be employed in Industries situated in towns and cities OR employed in some for of farming/ agricultural? Give a reason for your answer.
Industries situated in towns and cities
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In Developing countries, are workers more likely to be employed in Industries situated in towns and cities OR employed in some form of farming/ agricultural? Give a reason for your answer.
some form of farming/ agricultural
78
Define the term 'life expectancy'
The average age a person can expect to live to in a particular country. This is a good indicator of level of development, since people in more developed countries tend to live longer due to better healthcare, better diets, higher standards of education and housing etc.
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Define the term 'Demographic Transition Model'
Shows the different stages a country goes through towards development.
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Define the term 'Population Density'
The average number of people within a given area e.g. number of people per 100 square kilometres.
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Define the term 'Standard of Living'
The level of economic well-being of people in a country.
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Define the term ' Natural Growth Rate'
To find this you subtract the death rate from the birth rate. This gives a basic indication of the amount by which the population is increasing (or decreasing) each year, per thousand of the population (per 1000).
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What are the factors that can lead to a high birth rate?
- religious beliefs that prevent use of artificial methods of birth control
- lack of access to birth control
- lack of education
- use of children as labour to increase family income
- large families to support parents in old age
- traditional/ cultural reasons for large families
- possible insurance against high infant mortality rates
83
What are the factors that can lead to a low birth rate?
- people marrying and having children later for economic reasons
- widespread availability and use of birth control methods
- women putting their career before having children
- education on birth control being widely available
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How can 'religious beliefs that prevent use of artificial methods of birth control' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'lack of education' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'lack of access to birth control' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'use of children as labour to increase family income' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'large families to support parents in old age' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'traditional/ cultural reasons for large families' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'possible insurance against high infant mortality rates' contribute to a high birth rate?
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How can 'people marrying and having children later for economic reasons' contribute to a low birth rate?
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How can 'widespread availability and use of birth control methods' contribute to a low birth rate?
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How can 'women putting their career before having children' contribute to a low birth rate?
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How can 'education on birth control being widely available' contribute to a low birth rate?
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What are the factors that can lead to a high death rate?
- widespread poverty
- poor diets/ malnutrition
- widespread disease due to poor healthcare/ hygiene/ sanitation
- lack of access to clean water supply
- lack of medical drugs/ hospitals/ clinics/ doctors
- unhealthy environments (poor housing etc.)
- natural disasters e.g. droughts/ floods/ earthquakes
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How can 'widespread poverty' contribute to a high death rate?
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How can 'poor diets/ malnutrition' contribute to a high death rate?
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How can 'widespread disease due to poor healthcare/ hygiene/ sanitation' contribute to a high death rate?
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How can 'lack of access to clean water supply' contribute to a high death rate?
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How can 'lack of medical drugs/ hospitals/ clinics/ doctors' contribute to a high death rate?
101
How can 'unhealthy environments (poor housing etc.)' contribute to a high death rate?
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How can 'unhealthy environments (poor housing etc.)' contribute to a high death rate?
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How can 'natural disasters e.g. droughts/ floods/ earthquakes' contribute to a high death rate?
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What are the factors that can lead to a low death rate?
- economic prosperity
- availability of good healthcare, hospitals, doctors and medicines
- plentiful supply of food and well balanced diets
- good housing/ sanitation/ clean water available
- safe natural environments
- high standards of education / health education
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How can 'economic prosperity ' contribute to a low death rate?
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How can 'availability of good healthcare, hospitals, doctors and medicines ' contribute to a low death rate?
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How can 'plentiful supply of food and well balanced diets' contribute to a low death rate?
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How can 'good housing/ sanitation/ clean water available' contribute to a low death rate?
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How can 'safe natural environments' contribute to a low death rate?
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How can 'high standards of education / health education' contribute to a low death rate?
111
The Birth and Death rates affects a population's growth rate in a country. There are other factors that can also affect the population growth rate. What are they
- high or low rates of immigration / emigration
(Immigration is ?)
(Emigration is ?)
- the level of economic development in a particular country
(economic development is ?)
112
What is a Demographic Transition Model
It is a chart that shows the different stages a country goes through towards development. In other words the changes in population growth rates and the effect on population is shown by this chart.
It shows population change over time. There are 5 main stages to the model. The different stages and the reasons for them are shown in Figure 2.4.
113
How do you answer questions that ask you to explain patterns of population distribution?
- you should describe where the main areas of population occur or perhaps where the density of population is high, medium or low
- You can explain world population distribution by referring to the comparative influence of physical and human factors
- Factors that attract and repel population are called 'positive' and 'negative' factors (attract = positive, repel = negative).
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look at doing questions to cover material on the book - How to Pass Nat 5 Geo p36 and p38 (the example)
