Population Geography Flashcards
What are terms that could be used to describe mortality in population pyramids?
- Life expectancy
- Death rate
- Child mortality rate (Under 5)
- Infant mortality rate (Under 1)
What is replacement-level fertility?
The number of children a woman and her reproductive partner must have to replace themselves. The worldwide average is usually just above two children per couple because some children die before they reach their reproductive years.
In demographics, what is the rate of natural increase?
The percentage by which a population grows in a year. This is the difference between the birth rate and the natural death rate and excludes migration.
What are the trends in our current population growth worldwide?
- A large proportion of the world’s population (28%) is under 15, therefore growth will continue
- Fertility rates are declining
What demographic trends do LEDCs tend to have?
- Faster growth
- higher death rates (think triangle shape)
- Stage 2 of the demographic transition model
What demographic trends do MEDCs tend to have?
- Low birth rates
- Low death rates
- Stage 4 of the demographic transition model
What are some issues caused by an aging population?
- A large amount of elderly dependent people
- Labor-force shortages
- Increased expenditure on healthcare
What are some advantages of an aging population?
- Many older people remain employed
- A more knowledgeable population
- Decreased tax
What are some advantages of a youthful population?
- Large future workforce
- More disposable income per family
- More taxpayers
What are some issues caused by a youthful population?
- A large amount of young dependent people
- Increased tax
- Less knowledgable population
What needs to be considered when analysing population pyramids?
External migration + reasons
Outline the demographic transition model
- Stage 1: High birth and death rates
- Stage 2: Decrease in death rates, therefore rapidly growing population
- Stage 3: Death rates continue to fall and birth rates fall, slowly increasing population
- Stage 4: Birth and death rates remain low, steady population
- Stage 5 (predicted): Birth rates fall below death rates, population declines
What factors lead to an increase in fertility rates?
- Socioeconomic wellbeing (healthcare)
- Urbanisation
- Education and opportunities for women
- Lower age of marriage
What factors lead to a decrease in fertility rates?
- High infant mortality rates
- High cost of raising children
- Family size preference
What 5 factors affect mortality rates?
- Nutritional standards
- Personal hygiene and sanitation
- Access to clean water
- Infectious diseases
- Access to services and resources (healthcare, immunisation, etc.)
What is resettlement migration?
The choice to migrate and settle permanently in hopes of a better quality of life (e.g. work and education)
What is the skilled migration stream?
People who migrate permanently and have skill and qualifications in demand.
What is the family migration stream?
People who migrate permanently to reunite with people who have already migrated (e.g. by the skilled migration stream)
What are remittances?
When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families. This can be seen in internal and external migration,
What are contract migrations?
Contract migrations are usually undertaken for a specified period and are related to contracted employment. Part of the income earnt is often sent back home to the worker’s family through remittances. There are three types.
What are guest workers (contract migration)?
In some parts of the world there are more jobs than there are people willing or able to work. To solve the ensuing labour shortages, governments often permit the entry of guest workers for a specified period of time
What are forced migrations?
Usually permanent migrations that involve migration against the will of the people moving (e.g. the slave trade or refugees).
What are business migrations?
The migration of highly qualifies executives and professionals for business purposes.
What are student migrations?
International migration for education (e.g. student exchange programs).
What are the three types of contract migrations?
Guest, business and student
What are some examples of internal migrations?
- Rural-urban migrations (urbanisation/counter-urbanisation, megacities, job and education opportunities, better quality of life, etc).
- Patterns of work
- Movements within cities (gentrification, urban consolidation)
- Seasonal movements
What are key terms to mention in responses about migrations?
- Purpose (e.g. quality of life)
- Push and pull factors
- Internal vs external
What are some issues arising from the changing size and distribution of populations/
- Global inequalities (development)
- Food supply
- Environmental impacts
What is a demographic dividend?
When the share of the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age share of the population
When are demographic dividends likely to be created?
When birth rates and death rates decrease in Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs)
What are terms that can be used to describe parts of a population pyramid?
Top and base
