Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GENERAL ECOLOGY > Population Genetics & Natural Selection > Flashcards

Population Genetics & Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Process that changes populations of organisms over time.

A

Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Provided mechanisms of evolutionary change in population.

A

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does Darwin convinced that some individuals will have competitive advantage or survival of the fittest.

A

October of 1838

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Characteristics with advantage _______
Unfavorable characteristics _______

A

“preserved”
“destroyed”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In this year, first draft of theory of natural selection was created.

A

1842

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Summary of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (4)

A
  1. Organisms beget like organisms
  2. There are ‘chance variations’ between individuals in a species — some are ‘heritable’.
  3. More offspring are produced each generation that can be supported by the environment.
  4. Some individuals (based on physical or behavioral traits) have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than other individuals in the same population.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

He proposed that differential survival and reproduction of individuals would produce changes in species populations over time.

A

Darwin (1859)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

an evolutionary process that changes anatomy, physiology, or behavior, resulting in an improved ability of the members of a population to live in particular environment

A

Adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rare traits (no matter how favorable) would be blended out of a population, preventing change as a consequence.

A

Blending inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Old name of Gregor Mendel

A

Johann Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Augustinian monk, developing the facility with the mathematics necessary to complete the theory of natural selection. He also uncovered basic mechanisms of inheritance (stat and prob).

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mendel’s most influential work was done in this species which he subdivided each into manageable characteristics such as seed form, stem length, and so forth.

A

Pisum sativum (garden pea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alternative forms of genes — dominant or recessive.

A

Alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Consist of organism’s observable characteristics, resulted to interactions between genetic makeup of the individual in an environment.

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This species of plant was used in the COMMON GARDEN EXPERIMENT (transplantation of 2 or more population of plants in the same or common environment).

A

Potentilla glandulosa (sticky cinquefoil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Variation among individuals in form and function as a result of environmental influences.

A

Phenotypic plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species.

A

Ecotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The process of Natural Selection can (3):

A
  1. Act against different segments of the population under different circumstances and can produce quite different results.
  2. Can lead to change in population; can serve as conservative force, impeding change in population.
  3. Can increase/decrease diversity within a population.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of (Natural) Selection

A
  • Stabilizing
  • Directional
  • Disruptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acts to impede changes or to stop changes in population (against extreme phenotypes; favors the average)

A

Stabilizing Selection

21
Q

Have lower rates of reproduction and survival (in stabilizing selection)

A

Extreme phenotypes

22
Q

Occurs when one extreme phenotype has advantage over all the phenotypes; favors AN extreme phenotype over the others in the population.

A

Directional Selection

23
Q

Favors 2 or more extreme phenotypes over the average resulting to increase in frequency of both smaller and larger individual in the population overtime.

A

Disruptive Selection

24
Q

Favors 2 or more extreme phenotypes over the average resulting to increase in frequency of both smaller and larger individual in a population overtime.

A
25
Q

According to the general postulate of the theory of natural selection, this determines the evolution of organisms.

A

Environment

26
Q

Evolution by natural selection depends upon?

A

Heritability of traits

27
Q

The proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait that is attributable to genetic variance.

A

Heritability (of traits)

28
Q

Factors that contribute to the amount of phenotypic variance in a population (2)

A
  1. Environmental Variance (VE)
  2. Genetic variation (VG)
29
Q

HERITABILITY relationship to VG and VE (directly, inversely)

A
  • DIRECTLY proportional to VG
  • INVERSELY proportional to VE
30
Q

Example of Stabilizing Selection

A

Egg Size of Ural Owl
- VERY SMALL and VERY LARGE eggs hatch LOWER (compared to average-sized)

31
Q

Example of Directional Selection

A

Soapberry bugs to new Host plants
- native host to introduce plants (vice-versa) = decrease in survival and reproductive rates

32
Q

Example of Disruptive Selection

A

Darwin’s Finches
- Genus geospiza - w/ larger beaks - crack & feed larger seeds
- Geospiza fortis - w/ intermediate size beaks - uncommon/very few

33
Q

Main types of Genetic Variation (2)

A
  • Bottleneck Event
  • Founding Event
34
Q

Change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance — may cause gene variants to disappear completely - reduce genetic variation

A

Genetic drift

35
Q

Original population undergoes a random event

A

Bottleneck Event

36
Q

A number of individuals in a particular population is isolated from that population.

A

Founding Event

37
Q

predicts that small population size will be more subject to genetic drift = loss of genetic variation

A

Hardy-Weinberg principle

38
Q

In this species, evidence of genetic drift revealed that the smallest populations have much lower levels of genetic diversity from largest population.

A

Chihuahua spruce

39
Q

In 1997, he compared the genetic diversity of island and mainland population of both animals and plants.

A

Richard Frankham

40
Q

Organisms that are solely found in a particular area or habitat.

A

Endemic

41
Q

Rates of extinction (historic times) - Island vs Mainland

A

island population is HIGHER than mainland population

42
Q

Mating between close relatives, most likely in small populations (highest probability to extinction)

A

Inbreeding

43
Q

Indicator of genetic variability

A

Heterozygosity

44
Q

Maelitaea cinxia hosts (2)

A

Plantago lanceolata
Veronica spicata

45
Q

The process producing thousands of varieties of domesticated animals and plants from wild ancestors done by breeders.

A

Artificial selection

46
Q

Title of the book Darwin wrote in 1868 that tackles about artificial selection.

A

The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication

47
Q

Alteration of genetic makeup of an organism through the introduction or deletion of genes.

A

Genetic Engineering

48
Q

World’s most widely used herbicide, sold under trade name Roundup

A

Glyphosate

GENERAL ECOLOGY (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions