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Ecology Lab > population genetics > Flashcards

population genetics Flashcards

1
Q

heterozygosity

A

defined as the mean percentage of loci heterozygous per individual (the mean percentage of individuals heterozygous per locus)

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2
Q

population structure

A

patterns of heterozygosity can be predicted from the ecological processes experienced by organisms, including differences in life history

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3
Q

organisms that tend to breed with close relatives (interbreeding) within their immediate populations have more

A

homozygous loci in their genomes

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4
Q

organisms that tend to breed with individuals that are not closely related to them have greater levels of

A

heterozygosity

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5
Q

F statistics

A

a way to describe genetic population structure in diploid organisms in terms of three allelic correlations (Fis, Fit, Fst)

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6
Q

(1-Fit)

A

(1-Fst)(1-Fis)

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7
Q

Fis

A

is the correlation between homologous (same) alleles within individuals with reference to the local population

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8
Q

Fit

A

the corresponding allelic correlation with reference to the total population

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9
Q

Fi

A

fixation indices (Fi) this means that they are measuring the tendency of loci to be fixed at only one allele for the entire population (no genetic diversity)

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10
Q

Fi=

A

1-(hobs/hexp)

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11
Q

postive Fi values indicate

A

fixation indices could indicate inbreeding

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12
Q

negative Fi values

A

more heterozygotes than expected from excess outbreeding

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13
Q

Fst

A

can be interpreted as the proportion of genetic variation among (as opposed to within) subdivided populations

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14
Q

Fst=

A

(ht-hs)/ht

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15
Q

hs

A

expected heterozygosity at a locus within subpopulations

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16
Q

Ht

A

the overall expected heterozygosity given allele frequencies in the total population

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17
Q

Fst number interpretation

A

0.0-1.0
0 (subpopulations genetically identical)
1 (subpopulations fixed for different alleles)

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18
Q

Fst population subdivision

A

the proportion of the total genetic variation that can be accounted for by the subdivision of populations

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19
Q

population subdivisions account for

A

50% of total genetic variation

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20
Q

<.05

A

little genetic difference

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21
Q

.05-.15

A

moderate genetic difference

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22
Q

.15-.25

A

great genetic difference

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23
Q

> .25

A

very great genetic difference

24
Q

gene flow interpretation

A

Fst is expected to be low between populations that are conned by high gene flow

25
Q

first parameter in a data set

A

heterozygosity

26
Q

population bottlenecks

A

metapopulation dynamics that severely reduced the level of genetic variation relative to that expected or found in comparable mammals

27
Q

heterozygosity is maximal when the

A

allele frequencies are equal

28
Q

two allele system is described by

A

a concave down parabola that starts at zero

29
Q

heterozygosity peaks at a value of

A

.05

30
Q

for a multi-allelic system

A

heterozygosity is greatest when allele frequencies are equal

31
Q

F stats

A

are a general stats tool for analyzing variances in gene frequencies

32
Q

F is

A

inbreeding coefficient (global variation in individuals relative to their subpopulation)
NEGATIVE= OUTBRED, excess of heterozygotes
POSITIVE= INBRED, more homozygotes

33
Q

Fst inter

A

assess the variation in the subpopulations relative to that in the total population)
0-1
0- subpopulations have the same gene frequencies
1- subpopulations have completely non overlapping sets of alleles (subpopulations are fixed for different alleles)

34
Q

natural populations tend to have

A

Fst values that range between zero up to .05

35
Q

values of Fst above

A

.2 are considered high

36
Q

Fit

A

assesses the variation in individuals relative to the variation in the total set of subpopulations

37
Q

H1

A

average observed heterozygosity in individuals

38
Q

Hs

A

expected heterozygosity (gene diversity) of subpopulations, calculated as the weighted average across a set of subpopulations

39
Q

Ht

A

the expected heterozygosity over the whole set of populations

40
Q

molecular markers

A

Information-rich molecules- DNA, RNA, proteins

41
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction
a lab procedure in which millions of copies of a specific piece of DNA are made
it is essentially an amplification method whereby the tiniest amounts of DNA that may be present in blood, hair, or tissues

42
Q

DNA polymerase

A

the name of this method is derived from the key component in the process that carries out the replication of DNA

43
Q

Taq polymerase

A

most commonly used polymerase
Thermus aquaticus
optimal at 70 degrees

44
Q

primers

A

it can create a new DNA strand, using DNA single stranded oligonucleotides
short sequences of DNA that are made to match exactly the ends of DNA region to be copied

45
Q

how many times are steps in PCR repeated

A

30-40 times

46
Q

DNA template

A

the DNA to be copied usually extracted and purified from blood or other tissues

47
Q

dNTPs

A

building blocks from which taq polymerase can synthesize new DNA, added in excess amount

48
Q

buffer solution

A

creates an optimal chemical environment for the reaction to occur in

49
Q

thermal cycler

A

automated machine that carries out PCR

50
Q

denaturation temp

A

95- separates the DNA strands separated

51
Q

annealing temp

A

40-60 primers attach to matching sequence in each strand

52
Q

extension temp

A

72 degrees taq polymerase attaches to primer and adds complement nucleotides
then process is repeated 20x

53
Q

microsatellite

A

is a tract of tenderly repeated DNA motifs that range in length from one to five or more nucleotides and are typically repeated 5-50x

54
Q

where are micros located

A

non-coding parts of the genome and do not produce proteins but can be in regulatory and coding regions

55
Q

what are microsatellites used

A

genetic fingerprinting
DNA profiling
kinship analysis
select desirable traits in plant breeding
to study population dynamics based on the theories of population genetics and in species conservation projects
mapping locations in the genome

Ecology Lab (3 decks)

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