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Biology > Population Dynamics (T1) > Flashcards

Population Dynamics (T1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

A non-living factor in an ecosystem that affects organisms

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2
Q

Biotic Factor

A

A living factor in an ecosystem that affects organisms

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3
Q

Examples of an Abiotic Factor

A
  • Sunlight
  • Wind
  • Soil pH
  • Temperature
  • Precipitation
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4
Q

Examples of a Biotic Factor

A
  • Disease
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Predation
  • Competition
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5
Q

Parasitism

A

An ecological relationship where one organism benefits at the other’s cost

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

An ecological relationship where both organisms benefit

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7
Q

Commesnalism

A

An ecological relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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8
Q

Niche

A

All of the environmental factors and interspecies relationships that influence the species

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9
Q

Niche Diversity

A

The number of niches in an ecosystem, often determined by abiotic factors

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10
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of species in an ecosystem

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11
Q

Ecological Equilibrium

A

A state of “balance” in an ecosystem

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12
Q

Biological Magnification

A

Increasing concentration of poisons in organisms in higher trophic levels in a food chain or web

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13
Q

Predator Prey Relationship

A

A relationship between two species where one consumes the other as a food source

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14
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Looks toxic, but is non-toxic

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15
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Looks toxic, and is toxic

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16
Q

Aposematic

A

Denoting colouration or markings serving to warn or repel predators (e.g. the corroboree frog poses bright yellow colours to warn/scare off predators)

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16
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition between the same species

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16
Q

Competition

A

When organisms “fight” for the same resources

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16
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition between different species

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17
Q

Allelopathy

A

The production of biomolecules by one plant that can either benefit or harm another plant

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17
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

Indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems (usually caused by predators)

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18
Q

Simpson Diversity Index

A

Measures Biodiversity

18
Q

Capture Mark Replace

A

Measures population size

19
Q

Species Evenness

A

A measure of the abundance of individuals in each species (quantitative)

20
Q

Species Richness

A

Measures the amount of different species (quality)

21
Q

Quadrat

A

A square tool used to measure species richness + evenness by being placed on the ground and having biologists take sample numbers of all the species within the square.

21
Q

Abundance can be measured by:

A
  • Percentage Cover
  • Population Density
  • Species Frequency
22
Q

Monotreme Mammals

A

Egg-laying mammals

23
Q

Placental Mammals

A

The vast majority of mammals (e.g. humans, whales, giraffes)

23
Q

65 million years ago:

A

Marsupials migrated to Australia and faced no competition from placental mammals leading to adaptive radiation

23
Q

Non-Placental Mammals

A

Marsupials (e.g. Koalas, Possums)

24
Q

The 5 Mass Extinctions of Earth

A
  • End-Ordovician (443 million years ago)
  • End-Devonian (359 million to 380 million years ago)
  • End-Permian (251 million years ago)
  • End-Triassic (201 million years ago)
  • End-Cretaceous (65.5 million years ago)
24
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

When a small group of animals adapts into many different species through niches and resources

25
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

A process where different, unrelated animals evolve the same features and characteristics as each other to overcome similar problems and niches

26
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

What occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures

27
Q

Measures of time (longest to shortest)

A

Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs, Ages

27
Q

Fossils

A

Remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone

27
Q

2 Categories of Fossils

A

Body Fossils and Trace Fossils

28
Q

Body Fossils

A

The preserved remains of plants and animals

29
Q

Trace Fossils

A

Records of animal behaviour (e.g footprints)

30
Q

Fossilisation

A

The process of preserving animals in stone

31
Q

Altered Fossilisation

A

Carbonisation - soft tissues become carbon layers which creates coal
Pemineralisation - minerals enter dead animal or plant material which attatch to the cellular walls and (over time) harden the bone into stone

32
Q

What 3 Isotopes Are Measured in Ice Cores

A
  • Oxygen 18, 17, and 16 (give a record of ancient water temperatures)
32
Q

What Does Ice Core Drilling Help Measure

A
  • Rings in the ice cores represent different cycles of seasons
  • Bubbles represent cO2 levels in the past
32
Q

Relative Dating

A

Finds if one rock/object is older than another rock/object

32
Q

Absolute Dating (Radiometric Dating)

A

Finds the exact age of a rock fossil

33
Q

How do Half Lives Work

A

Half of the parent atoms become daughter atoms once the object has reached a certain age

34
Q

Sclerophyll Plants

A

A type of vegetation that is adapted to long periods of dryness and heat

35
Q

Reasons for Changes in Past Ecosystems

A
  • Climate
  • Natural Disasters
  • Human Impact (e.g. Hunting)
35
Q

Demographic Transition

A
  • Pre-industrial
  • Urbanising/industrialising
  • Mature industrial
  • Post-industrial
36
Q

Urbanising/Industrialising (2nd Stage)

A

Improvements in health care delivery and medicines, coupled with investments in sanitation and infrastructure drop death rates

36
Q

Pre-Industrial (1st Stage)

A

Crude death rates + crude birth rates keep population level

36
Q

Mature Industrial (3rd Stage)

A

Death rates continue to decline and economic development incentivises lowering birth rates slightly. However, the population continues to grow exponentially.

37
Q

Post-Industrial (4th Stage)

A

Population growth begins to level off because the high birth rates have reduced to closely follow the low death rates.

Biology (2 decks)

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