POPULATION DYNAMICS

Question 1

Why do birth rates and death rates vary between countries?

Answer 1

• level of development of a country
• religious views
• policies of the government

Question 2

Explain stage 1 - high stationary of the demographic transition model.

Answer 2

Death rate: high
Reason: diseases, famine, conflict etc
Birth rate: high
Reasons: lack of birth control, low age of marriage
Rate of natural increase: low - death rate and birth rate cancel out
U.K. Position: before 1760
Examples: remote tribes

Question 3

Explain stage 2 - early expanding of the demographic transition model.

Answer 3

Death rate: Falling
Reasons: improved medicine, cleaner water, better food, improved sanitation
Birth rate: high
Reasons: lack of birth control, low age for marriage
Natural increase: high
U.K.: 1760 - 1900 industrial revolution
Example: Bangladesh

Question 4

Explain stage 3 - late expanding of the demographic transition model.

Answer 4

Death rate: falling
Reasons: continued improvement in medical care and sanitation
Birth rate: falling
Reasons: women are staying in education, delaying birth, children less likely to work
Natural increase: high
U.K.: 1900-1950
Examples: India, Brazil and Mexico

Question 5

Explain stage 4 - low stationary of the demographic transition model.

Answer 5

Death rate: low
Reasons: high standards of medical care, healthy lifestyles
Birthrates: low
Reasons: women choosing to have careers before marriage, birth control
Natural increase: low/stable
U.K.: since 1950
Examples: USA, France and Denmark

Question 6

Explain stage 5 - declining of the demographic transition model.

Answer 6

Death rate: rising
Reason: majority of population is elderly
Birth rate: low
Reasons: choosing to have less children
Natural increase: negative
U.K.: soon
Examples: Japan, Russia and Germany

Question 7

Why is Russia’s population declining?

Answer 7

• falling life expectancy for men
• outward migration
• low fertility rate

Question 8

Why is Yemen’s population growing quickly?

Answer 8

• early age of marriage
• low literacy rate among women
• high fertility rate

Question 9

Why is Japan’s population declining and ageing?

Answer 9

• people are living longer due to healthy diet - Japan spends 9.3% of GDP in health care - 206 doctors for every 100 000 people
• birth rate declining - rise of women having their first child.

Question 10

With a declining and ageing population, what does it mean for Japan?

Answer 10

• increase cost for pensions
• falling birth date, fewer workers in economy
• rising number of elderly living in nursing homes
• increase cost of healthcare - government already raise patient contributions for medical expense from 10% to 20%

Question 11

Why is Mexico’s population increasing?

Answer 11

• low death rate

* birth rate is falling but still a large percentage of young people

Question 12

Since Mexico’s population is increasing, what does it mean for Mexico?

Answer 12

• increase in school places
• large numbers of young people are unable to find work
• growing manufacturing industry
• abortion has been legalised in Mexico City in an attempt to reduce the number of abandoned children

Question 13

What is a population policy?

Answer 13

Measures taken by the government to influence population size, growth, distribution or composition

Question 14

What is a pro-natalist policy?

Answer 14

Policies used to encourage people to have more children

Question 15

What is an anti-natalist policy?

Answer 15

Encourage to have fewer children

Question 16

Name a country with a pro-natalist policy and what are their methods?

Answer 16

Singapore - the marriage and parenthood package 2008

• help single people find their life partner by providing social interaction opportunities
• provide housing schemes for couples
• offering baby bonus scheme
• providing paid child care leave

Question 17

Name a country with an anti-natalist policy and name their methods

Answer 17

China - one child policy
• only applies to Han Chinese - ethnic minorities are exempt
• parents who follow rule receive certificate and extra money when they retire
• breaking rules = heavy fine
• automatically lose job of state official

Question 18

What is the impacts of China’s one child policy?

Answer 18

• serious imbalance of men to women - couples use illegal methods to ensure their child is a boy
• believe that China’s growing economy will not have enough skilled and well educated workers to keep it going
• the 4-2-1 problem

Question 19

Advantages of immigration

Answer 19

• promotes tolerance between different groups of people
• provide economic boost to a country
• ensures the economy has skilled and well qualified workforce
• contributes to cultural diversity of a country - Indian resturants
• migrants are often young - marry and have children - counters aging population problem

Question 20

Disadvantages of immigration

Answer 20

• strains welfare and healthcare systems
• local people can it difficulty to compete for jobs
• immigrants often remain isolated and not mix with the wider community - negative stereotypes

Question 21

Explains UK’s migration policy betwee 1997-2010

Answer 21

Open door policy

Question 22

What is natural increase?

Answer 22

No. Of people added to or lost from the population for every 1000 people in one year

Birth rate - death rate