POPULATION DYNAMICS Flashcards
Why do birth rates and death rates vary between countries?
- level of development of a country
- religious views
- policies of the government
Explain stage 1 - high stationary of the demographic transition model.
Death rate: high
Reason: diseases, famine, conflict etc
Birth rate: high
Reasons: lack of birth control, low age of marriage
Rate of natural increase: low - death rate and birth rate cancel out
U.K. Position: before 1760
Examples: remote tribes
Explain stage 2 - early expanding of the demographic transition model.
Death rate: Falling
Reasons: improved medicine, cleaner water, better food, improved sanitation
Birth rate: high
Reasons: lack of birth control, low age for marriage
Natural increase: high
U.K.: 1760 - 1900 industrial revolution
Example: Bangladesh
Explain stage 3 - late expanding of the demographic transition model.
Death rate: falling
Reasons: continued improvement in medical care and sanitation
Birth rate: falling
Reasons: women are staying in education, delaying birth, children less likely to work
Natural increase: high
U.K.: 1900-1950
Examples: India, Brazil and Mexico
Explain stage 4 - low stationary of the demographic transition model.
Death rate: low
Reasons: high standards of medical care, healthy lifestyles
Birthrates: low
Reasons: women choosing to have careers before marriage, birth control
Natural increase: low/stable
U.K.: since 1950
Examples: USA, France and Denmark
Explain stage 5 - declining of the demographic transition model.
Death rate: rising Reason: majority of population is elderly Birth rate: low Reasons: choosing to have less children Natural increase: negative U.K.: soon Examples: Japan, Russia and Germany
Why is Russia’s population declining?
- falling life expectancy for men
- outward migration
- low fertility rate
Why is Yemen’s population growing quickly?
- early age of marriage
- low literacy rate among women
- high fertility rate
Why is Japan’s population declining and ageing?
- people are living longer due to healthy diet - Japan spends 9.3% of GDP in health care - 206 doctors for every 100 000 people
- birth rate declining - rise of women having their first child.
With a declining and ageing population, what does it mean for Japan?
- increase cost for pensions
- falling birth date, fewer workers in economy
- rising number of elderly living in nursing homes
- increase cost of healthcare - government already raise patient contributions for medical expense from 10% to 20%
Why is Mexico’s population increasing?
- low death rate
* birth rate is falling but still a large percentage of young people
Since Mexico’s population is increasing, what does it mean for Mexico?
- increase in school places
- large numbers of young people are unable to find work
- growing manufacturing industry
- abortion has been legalised in Mexico City in an attempt to reduce the number of abandoned children
What is a population policy?
Measures taken by the government to influence population size, growth, distribution or composition
What is a pro-natalist policy?
Policies used to encourage people to have more children
What is an anti-natalist policy?
Encourage to have fewer children
Name a country with a pro-natalist policy and what are their methods?
Singapore - the marriage and parenthood package 2008
- help single people find their life partner by providing social interaction opportunities
- provide housing schemes for couples
- offering baby bonus scheme
- providing paid child care leave
Name a country with an anti-natalist policy and name their methods
China - one child policy
• only applies to Han Chinese - ethnic minorities are exempt
• parents who follow rule receive certificate and extra money when they retire
• breaking rules = heavy fine
• automatically lose job of state official
What is the impacts of China’s one child policy?
- serious imbalance of men to women - couples use illegal methods to ensure their child is a boy
- believe that China’s growing economy will not have enough skilled and well educated workers to keep it going
- the 4-2-1 problem
Advantages of immigration
- promotes tolerance between different groups of people
- provide economic boost to a country
- ensures the economy has skilled and well qualified workforce
- contributes to cultural diversity of a country - Indian resturants
- migrants are often young - marry and have children - counters aging population problem
Disadvantages of immigration
- strains welfare and healthcare systems
- local people can it difficulty to compete for jobs
- immigrants often remain isolated and not mix with the wider community - negative stereotypes
Explains UK’s migration policy betwee 1997-2010
Open door policy
What is natural increase?
No. Of people added to or lost from the population for every 1000 people in one year
Birth rate - death rate
