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Biology 30 IB > Population Dynamics > Flashcards

Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define gene pool

A

The total of all alleles for all the genes in a population

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2
Q

What is the benefit of having a greater variety in a gene pool?

A

It allows a population to more easily adapt to changing environment

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3
Q

State the five Hardy-Weinberg conditions

A
  1. Very large population 2. No net mutation 3. Random mating 4. No natural selection 5. No migration
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4
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle measure?

A

The amount of genetic variation within a population

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5
Q

What can the Hardy-Weinberg principle identify?

A

If a population is in genetic equilibrium or microevolution

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6
Q

Mutation

A

Leads to new alleles in the gene pool, can give people a selective advantage. Back mutations can occur

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7
Q

Gene Flow

A

The net movement of alleles from one population to another.
Can increase diversity in nearby populations
Reduces genetic differences between populations

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8
Q

Non random mating

A

Selected individuals have a better chance of mating than other

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9
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Change in allele frequencies due to chance events

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10
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A rapid decrease in a population size and only a few individuals are left to pass on their genes.
Leads to low genetic diversity

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organism that survive pass on their genes increasing allele frequency
The environment gives some a selective advantage

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12
Q

Sexual selection

A

Species that mate with individuals having a particular trait

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13
Q

Heterozygous Advantage

A

Individuals that are heterozygous have a survival advantage over those that are either form of the homozygotes.

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14
Q

Define Habitat Fragmentation

A

Large continuous habitats that are split due to humans

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15
Q

Define Population density

A

The number of organisms in a given area

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16
Q

Define uniform distribution

A

Even distribution

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17
Q

Define Random distribution

A

Organisms are distributed with no pattern

Occurs where resources are abundant and there is little competition

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18
Q

Define clumped distribution

A

Grouped together in a certain area

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19
Q

List the four factors that affect population growth

A

Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration rate
Emigration rate

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20
Q

Define population explosion

A

Rapid increase in a population that happens too fast to be contained

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21
Q

Define population Crash

A

Rapid decrease in population

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22
Q

Define growth rate

A

Change in population over time

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23
Q

Define per capita growth rate

A

A measure of the change in a population over time while taking into account factors that affect population growth.

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24
Q

Define Biotic potential

A

The highest possible per capita growth rate

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25
Q

List the five factors that biotic potential is dependent on

A

Number of offspring per reproductive cycle
Number of offsprings that reach reproductive age
Age of reproductive maturity
Number of times the individual will reproduce
Life span of the individuals

26
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

The theoretical maximum population size the environment can sustain over time

27
Q

Define the lag phase

A

Slow population growth due to few individuals able to reproduce

28
Q

Define Exponential Growth

A

Rapid population growth due to the higher birth rate than death rate

29
Q

What stops exponential growth from continuing forever?

A

Competition and limiting factors

30
Q

Define the stationary phase

A

When the birth rate is equal to the death rate

31
Q

What is the growth pattern called and what’s the name of the curve?

A

Logistical and the curve is “S” shaped

32
Q

Define Stable equilibrium

A

Fluctuations around the carrying capacity

33
Q

Define Density dependent Factors

A

Biotic factors that limit the carrying capacity

34
Q

Define Density independent Factors

A

Abiotic factors that limit the carrying capacity

35
Q

Define environmental resistance

A

The total effect of all limiting factors

It prevents population from growing at its biotic potential

36
Q

Define R-selected strategies

A

Species that reproduce close to their biotic potential

37
Q

List six factors of r-selected strategies

A 
Short life span
Small in size
Early reproductive age
Many offsprings produced
Competition is not significant 
Affected by density independent factors
38
Q

Define K-selected strategies

A

Populations which live close to their carrying capacity

39
Q

List seven factors of k-selected strategies

A 
Larger animals
Slower reproductive age
Longer life span
Older reproductive age
less affected by environmental changes
Fewer offsprings
Affected by both density dependent and density independent factors
40
Q

Define a open population

A

Populations that allow for immigration and emigration

41
Q

Define a closed population

A

Populations that don’t allow for immigration and emigration

42
Q

Define community

A

Interacting populations within a given area

43
Q

Define intra specific competition

A

Competition within members of the saw species for resources

It is density dependent

44
Q

Define Inter specific competition

A

Competition between members of different species for resources

45
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

A principle that states that no two organisms can occupy the same niche in a community

46
Q

Define invasive species

A

Non-native organisms that are introduced to an ecosystem that are harmful to native species

47
Q

What are predator-prey interactions called

A

Boom and bust cycles

48
Q

List three defences against consumers

A

Poor Taste
Physical protection
Camouflage

49
Q

Define batesian mimicry

A

When harmless animals evolve to look like harmful; ones

50
Q

Define mullerian mimicry

A

When 2 harmful animals evolve to look each other

51
Q

Define symbiosis

A

A relationship between 2 species that live together

52
Q

List and define the 3 symbiotic relationship

A

Parasitism- When 1 species benefits while the other is being harmed
Mutualism- When both species benefit
Commensalism- When one species benefits and the other is unaffected

53
Q

Define Succesion

A

Change in an ecosystem over time

54
Q

Define primary succession

A

Begins when no soil is present

55
Q

Define pioneer communities

A

The first species to populate an area that produce soil and nutrients when they die

56
Q

Define Climax communities

A

The stable community that eventually develops

57
Q

Define secondary succession

A

Begins when soil is present but the old community has been destroyed by an ecological disturbance

58
Q

Define sustainability

A

Meeting our current needs without compromising the future of the planet

59
Q

What effect did the industrial revolution have?

A

Better living conditions
Improved agriculture
Improved medicine
Better hygiene

60
Q

What effect did the industrial revolution have?

A 
Better living conditions
Improved agriculture
Improved medicine
Better hygiene
Slowing the death rate

Biology 30 IB (3 decks)

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