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Eco Lec Finals > Population, Community and Ecosystem Ecology > Flashcards

Population, Community and Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

group of individuals of the same species that simultaneously occupy the same genera

A

Population

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2
Q

How and why the population size change over time?

A

Input: Immigration and Birth
Output: Emigration and Death

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3
Q

The influence of natality, immigration, mortality, and emigration of the population can be expressed as:

A

Nt = (B-D) + (I-E)

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4
Q

What is density?

A

The number of individuals per unit area

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5
Q

How do you measure density?

A

-Count
-Plots
-Indirect indicators/Index of Population Size
-Mark-recapture method

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6
Q

Accurate when there are many sample plots and when the habitat is homogenous

A

Plots

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7
Q

Number of nests or burrows, signs such as fecal droppings or track

A

Indirect indicators/index of population size

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8
Q

Involves the marking of a number of individuals in a natural population, returning them to that population, subsequently recapturing some of them as a basis for estimating the size of the population

A

Mark-recapture method

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9
Q

Mark-recapture method is first used by ______ in studies of marine fishes and by _______ in studies of waterfowl populations

A

C.J.G. Petersen and F.C. Lincoln

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10
Q

Mark-recapture method is also known as ___________

A

Lincoln index or Petersen index

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11
Q

What is the formula for mark-recapture method

A

N = (M*C)/R

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12
Q

what is N = (M*C)/R

A

N = the estimated number of individuals in the population
M = the number of individuals that are initially captured and marked
C = the total number of individuals captured the second time
R = the number of individuals recaptured

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13
Q

What are the 3 assumptions the mark-recapture method depends on?

A
  1. the chance of each individual being caught is equal
  2. The proportion of unmarked and marked remains constant
  3. Population size does not increase nor decrease
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14
Q

What are the patterns of distribution?

A

-Clumped
-Uniform
-Random

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15
Q

Why study population ecology?

A

Scientific goal: understanding the factors that influence the size of populations

Practical goal: Management of populations

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16
Q

It is the study of factors that affect the growth and decline of populations

A

Demography

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17
Q

What are examples of demography?

A

-Age structure
-Generation time
-Sex ratio

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18
Q

it is an age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

A

Life tables

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19
Q

It is a group of individuals of the same age

A

cohort

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20
Q

What are examples of survivorship curves

A

types I, II, and III

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21
Q

What is type I survivorship curve?

A

High death rate in post-reproductive years

ex: large mammals

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22
Q

it is the constant mortality rate throughout life span

A

type II survivorship curve

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23
Q

Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long and stay reproductive

A

Type III survivorship curve

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24
Q

limits the population growth based on the size or density of a given population

A

Density dependent factors

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25
Q

What causes intraspecific competition?

A

food, mates, nesting sites, etc.

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26
Q

limit population growth based on factors independent of population density.

abiotic factors, chance

A

Density Independent factors

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27
Q

what are examples of population growth models?

A

exponential and logistic growth model

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28
Q

This model calculates the maximum rate and displays it as a J-shaped curve (because there are no limits)

A

Exponential growth model

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29
Q

This model produces an S-shaped curve. As population reaches the carrying capacity, the growth slows and then stops

A

Logistic growth model

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30
Q

Is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

A

Carrying capacity

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31
Q

What are examples of reproductive strategies?

A

r and K specialist

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32
Q

These are equilibrial populations. Those who lives in stable environments and their population fluctuate near to carrying capacity of the ecosystem.

A

K specialists

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33
Q

What are some characteristics of K specialists?

A

-long life expectancy
- large body size
-high parental care
-fewer offspring
-Type I or Type II Survivorship curve

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34
Q

These are opportunistic populations. Those individuals which resides in an unstable environment and shows exponential growth pattern

A

r specialists

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35
Q

Characteristics of r specialists

A

-can have many offsprings
-short life span
- high mortality among young
-exhibits a J shaped growth curve
-little to no parental care

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36
Q

Formula for growth rate

A

r = b-d

where
r = growth rate
b = birth rate
d = death rate

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37
Q

What curve leads to a crash in population?

A

J-curves

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38
Q

Why does J-curves result to a crash in population?

A

-reduced food
-less places to live and breed

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39
Q

Examples for density depending factors

A

-competition for resources
-lack of territory
-disease and parasitism
-predation

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40
Q

it is the number of organisms an ecosystem can support indefinitely

A

Carrying Capacity

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41
Q

it is a group of populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with each other

A

Community

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42
Q

is the study of how species interact with each other and their environment, including the distribution, structure, and abundance of species.

A

Community ecology

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43
Q

Community ecology is also known as

A

synecology

44
Q

they study the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors such as food webs and competition

A

Community ecologist

45
Q

what are examples of interspecific interactions

A

-competition
-predation
-parasitism
-mutualism
-commensalism

46
Q

This interaction is detrimental to both species

A

competition (-/-)

47
Q

This interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other

A

Predation and Parasitism (+/-)

48
Q

This interaction is beneficial to both species

A

Mutualism (+/+)

49
Q

One species benefits from the interaction but the other is unaffected

A

Commensalism (+/0)

50
Q

Two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place

A

The competitive exclusion principle

51
Q

who came up with The competitive exclusion principle

A

Georgy Gause

52
Q

It is the sum of a species use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

A

Ecological Niche

53
Q

Is the ideal conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce

A

Fundamental Niche

54
Q

Is the actual conditions a species occupies in the real world, after taking into account competition and other factors

A

Realized niche

55
Q

this ecologist studied two barnacle species

A

Joseph Connell

56
Q

is a natural selection process that allows species to coexist by dividing resources and avoiding competition

A

Resource partitioning

57
Q

Resource partitioning is also known as:

A

Niche differentiation

58
Q

is an evolutionary process that occurs when two similar species that share a habitat evolve to reduce competition for resources

A

Character displacement

59
Q

groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation

A

allopatric speciation

60
Q

groups from the same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation

A

sympatric speciation

61
Q

what are some plant defenses

A

-physical: thorns and spines
-chemical: poisons

62
Q

What are some animal defenses

A

-physical: shells, horns/antlers, teeth
-chemical: poisons, odors

63
Q

-hiding
-fleeing
-defending themselves against predators
-direction displays

A

Passive defenses

64
Q

this type of coloration makes the prey difficult to spot

A

Cryptic coloration

65
Q

other term for cryptic coloration

A

camouflage

66
Q

this type of coloration serve as a warning to other animals

A

aposematic coloration

67
Q

this type of coloration makes animals resemble larger animals

A

Deceptive coloration

68
Q

a harmless species imitates the warning signals of harmful species to avoid predators (a type of mimicry)

A

batesian mimicry

69
Q

is a type of mimicry in which one or more species develop a similar appearance. Each of the speciesis either poisonous, dangerous, or unpalatable to predators

A

Mullerian mimicry

70
Q

these are parasites that live inside the body of a host, can cause severe disease

A

endoparasites

71
Q

are parasites that infest the outer surface of their hosts

A

ectoparasites

72
Q

a type of parasitism where an organism, called a parasitoid, lives in close association with a host, feeding on the host’s tissues, and eventually killing the host

A

parasitoidism

73
Q

is the variety of organisms that make up the community

A

Species diversity

74
Q

Components of species diversity

A

Species richness and Relative abundance

75
Q

is the total number of different species in the community

A

Species richness

76
Q

is the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community

A

relative abundance

77
Q

diversity can be compared using

A

diversity indices

78
Q

these species are the most abundant or collectively have the highest biomass

A

Dominant species

79
Q

Dominant species exert powerful control over the _______ and ________ of other species

A

occurence and distribution

80
Q

In contrast to dominant species, these type of species are not necessarily abundant in a community

A

Keystone species

81
Q

they exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches

A

keystone species

82
Q

Organisms that change their physical environment or the availability of resources for other species, which can have a big impact on the surrounding ecosystem.

A

Foundation species

83
Q

also called as ecosystem engineers

A

foundation species

84
Q

are considered the “base” or “bedrock” of a community, having the greatest influence on its overall structure. They are usually the primary producers: organisms that bring most of the energy into the community.

A

Foundation species

85
Q

– Is an event that changes a community
– Removes organisms from a community
– Alters resource availability

A

disturbance

86
Q

– Suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster higher species diversity than low levels of disturbances

A

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis

87
Q

is a process of change in the species make up a community

A

Ecological succession

88
Q

– Occurs where no soil exists when succession
begins
– succession starts with a pioneers species colonising bare bed rock or sand

A

primary succession

89
Q

species, such as lichen, are adapted to survive in harsh abiotic factors and through their death and decomposition change the abiotic factors to become less harsh and form a thin layer of soil, humus.

A

Pioneer species

90
Q

The final stage in a succession is known as the

A

climax community

91
Q
  • The succesion is disrupted and plants are destroyed
  • Succession starts again, but the soil is already created, so it not start from the bare rock seral stage.
A

Secondary succession

92
Q

other term for secondary natural succession of pioneer species

A

autoregeneration

93
Q

– May facilitate the appearance of later species
by making the environment more favorable
– May inhibit establishment of later species
– May tolerate later species but have no impact on their establishment

A

Early-arriving species

94
Q

succession regenerates or creates a community after a ____

A

disturbance

95
Q

two types of succession

A

primary and secondary succession

96
Q

started by pioneer species

A

primary succession

97
Q

started by remaining species

A

secondary succession

98
Q

Two key factor correlated with a community’s species diversity

A

geographic location and size

99
Q

Two key factors in equitorial-polar gradients of species richness

A

evolutionary history and climate

100
Q

species richness is great in the ___

A

Tropics

101
Q

is the likely primary cause of latitudinal gradient in biodiversity

A

climate

102
Q

two climatic factors correlated with biodiversity

A

solar energy input and water availability

103
Q

quantifies the idea that all other factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the greater the number of species

A

Species-area curve/relationship

104
Q

Species-area curve/relationship formula

A

S = CA^z

where
S=number of species
C=fitted constant
A=area of the island
z=fitted constant

105
Q

S = CA^z is often presented in linear form:

A

log(v10) S = log (v10) C + zlog (v10) A

106
Q

Communities with higher diversity are:

A

• More productive and more stable
in their productivity
• Better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses
• More resistant to invasive species, organisms that become established outside their native range

Eco Lec Finals (1 decks)

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