Population Change Flashcards
Population policy in Kerala, India.
REASONS FOR POLICY:
1. High population- 32 million.
2. High population density- 250 people per square kilometre.
3. However, it has one of the lowest population grows in India. It is in stage 4 of TDTM.
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION:
1. Investment in education for women.
2. Investment in adult literacy classes.
INVESTMENT IN HEALTH CARE:
1. Legalised abortion.
2. Improved access to health care for all.
3. Widespread vaccination programs.
4. Increased availability and awareness of contraception and family planning.
OTHER STRATEGIES:
1. Later marriage.
2. Retirement benefits.
3. Land reform- All families are allocated an amount of land.
4. Maternity leave for the first two children only.
SUCCESSES:
1. It has a high and stable population with a very slow growth which means it is in stage 4 of the demographic transition model.
2. High life expectancies.
3. Good access to education.
4. More money per person and therefore less poverty.
5. It has a stable population growth rate.
China’s one child policy
INITIAL LAWS CREATED:
1. Must not marry until late 20s.
2. Must have only one successful pregnancy.
3. Must be sterilised after the first child or must abort any future pregnancies.
BENEFITS:
1. Increase in salary to about 5% or 10%.
2. Priority housing.
3. Pensions.
4. Free education and medical care for the single child.
PENALTIES:
1. 10% salary cut.
2. A Fine.
3. The family would have to pay for education and health care for both children.
4. If the second child was born abroad, they would not be a Chinese citizen.
MODIFICATIONS:
1. Urban areas: If you are an only child you can have two children of your own- Maintains population does not increase it.
2. Rural areas: Can I have two children As they are economic assets.
SUCCESSES:
1. Significant decline in birthrate.
2. The natural increase has slowly declined.
3. Improved life expectancy.
4. More career opportunities for women.
5. It is much more sustainable.
CRITICISMS:
1. Human rights abuse, because women were forced to abortion and had to be sterilised after one child.
2. The emotional impact that follows abortion.
3. Increased female infanticides.
4. Because of female infanticides there is a gender imbalance.
5. There is a lot of pressure on the male to carry on the family which could result in increased male suicides.
Strategies to cope with an ageing population: the UK.
Strategies to help…
LABOUR SHORTAGES:
1. Increase retirement age.
2. Policies to encourage couples to have more children.
3. Allow more immigration of skilled working aged people.
INCREASING COST OF PROVIDING PENSIONS:
1. Increase retirement age.
2. Increase taxation of working age people.
3. Encourage people to take out a private pension scheme.
INCREASING PRESSURE ON NHS FOR HEALTH CARE:
1. Provide more specific health care facilities for elderly.
2. Increased taxation pay for health care of the elderly.
3. Encourage people to take our private health care/health insurance.
4. Encourage immigration of skilled healthcare workers to work in the NHS.
5. Redirecting funding away from services for young.
RISING DEPENDENCY RATIO:
1. Increase retirement age.
2. Policies to encourage couples have more children.
3. Improve immigration.
Migration to and from the UK.
POSITIVE IMPACTS:
Economic:
1. They bring complementary skills.
2. Migrants give the UK’s economy a boost.
3. Helps lower dependency ratio.
4. Increases birth rate and delays demographic timebomb of too many pensioners for the tax base to support.
Social:
1. They bring complimentary skills.
2. Increases birth rate and delays demographic timebomb of too many pensioners for the tax base to support.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS:
Economic:
1. More pressure on transport, public services and using greenbelt land.
Social:
1. Increases demand for new houses.
2. Dramatic increases in council house waiting lists.
3. Migrants are victims of gang masters and landlord.
4. More pressure on transport, public services and using greenbelt land.
5. Social tension because of ethnic mix.
