Population Change Flashcards
What is exponential rate?
When the population is increasing at an increasing rate
What is birth rate?
The number of babies born per 1000 people per year
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 per year
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate and the population grows
What is natural decrease?
When the death rate is higher than the birth rate and the population falls
Social impacts of population growth
- services cant cope with increase (eg healthcare) so not everyone has access to them
- Children have to work to support large families so miss out on education
- not enough houses so people forced to live in crowded communities of makeshift houses- health problems (e.g diseases from lack of clean water)
- food shortages is country cant grow/import enough food
Economic impacts of population growth
- not enough jobs for everyone so unemployment increases
2. increased poverty as more people are born into families that are already poor
Political impacts of population growth
- most of population are young so government focuses of policies important to them (eg education)
- fewer older people so government is not as focused on policies for them (eg pensions)
- government has to make policies to bring population growth under control so impacts dont get worse
What are the two strategies to help control population growth?
birth control programmes and immigration laws
What does a birth control programme include?
Some governments have laws as to how many children a couple can have, they also help couples plan/limit number of children (contraception and sex education) so the population wont get much bigger
What do immigration laws do?
limit the number of people that can migrate, also be selective e.g let in fewer people of child bearing age means fewer migrants having children. this slows down population growth rate
What is the population of China?
1.3 billion
When was china’s one child policy introduced?
1979
What were the benefits if you had one child?
Longer maternity leave
Better housing
Free education for the child
What would happen if you had more than one child?
There were no benefits and the couple would get fined part of their income
What were the exceptions and why?
Can have 2nd child if 1st is a girl/has a disability because more kids are needed to work on the farms. ALso, if one parent had a disability or both parents were only children then the couple could have a 2nd child as they need enough people to look after the parents
What was the effectiveness of the Chinese one child policy?
It prevented up to 400 million births
the fertility rate is 1.8 today compared with 5.7 in 1970
What do some people think the other cause for slowed population growth was?
Older policies such as leaving longer gaps between children
Chinese people wanting less children as they have become more wealthy
What is the population of Indonesia?
Over 240 million
Where do most people live in Indonesia and how many people live there?
Java, 130 million
What are some of the problems on densely populated islands?
Unemployment, poverty, housing issues
When was the transmigration policy introduced in Indonesia?
In the 1960’s
What was the aim of the transmigration policy?
To reduce the impacts of population growth?
What did the policy include?
Moving people from densely populated islands (eg Java) to less densely populated islands (eg Sumatra)
How was the transmigration policy unsuccessful?
Not all people escaped poverty as they didn’t have the skills to farm the land/the land was too poor to be farmed on the new island
Lots of people moved to land with native people there which caused conflict
The population is still not completely evenly distributed
What causes an ageing population?
When there are more older than younger people because fewer people are being born and more are surviving to an older age
What stage of the DTM does an ageing population show?
Stage 5
economic problems of an ageing population
taxes would need to go up as pensions need to be paid, and older people need more healthcare
social problems of an ageing population (4)
healthcare services stretched
working population have less leisure time as they are unpaid carers
people have fewer kids as cant afford lots when they have to look after older relatives=drop in birth rate
more older people=the lower the pension so people will have to retire later
What are strategies to cope with an ageing population?
Encouraging larger families and raising the retirement age and raising taxes
how does encouraging larger families help to cope with an ageing population?
increases the number of young people so there will be a larger working population to pay taxes and support ageing population.
also encouraging immigration does this
how does raising the retirement age help to cope with an ageing population?
people stay in work longer and contribute to pensions for longer, and claim the state pension for less time
how does raising taxes help to cope with an ageing population?
increases the amount of money available to support the ageing population
what are immigrants?
people who move into an area
what are emigrants?
people who leave an area
What are push factors?
the things about a persons place of orgin that make them decide to move
what are pull factors?
the things about a persons destination that attracts them
4 examples of push factors
not being able to find a job, war, natural disasters, poor living conditions
2 examples of pull factors
job opportunities, better standard of living
Positive and negative impacts on source country
reduced demand on services, money sent back
labour shortage, skills shortage, ageing population as high proportion of older people left
Positive and negative impacts on receiving country
increased labour force, migrant workers pay taxes
local and immigrants compete for jobs (tension/conflict) increases demand for services, not all money earned in country is spent there, some is sent back to country of origin
