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Geography AQA A level > Population and the Environment > Flashcards

Population and the Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

When has exponential growth occurred since?

A

1950

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2
Q

What are the 2 key patterns of population change?

A

Population is growing in most countries in the world except from a couple in Eastern Europe
Population growth in Africa is significantly greater than elsewhere

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3
Q

How fast is population growth in Africa?

A

Over 2% a year

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4
Q

What is the rough growth of population globally?

A

Between 0.5%-1.5%

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5
Q

Which country is the poorest on the planet?

A

Niger

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6
Q

Which country has the highest fertility rate in the world, what is the value?

A

Niger- nearly 7 births per woman

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7
Q

What are the reasons for such a high birth rate in Niger?

A

Increasing droughts in the past 50 years ( 200mm a year)
Underdeveloped infrastructure
High dependence on subsistence farming
Cultural norms

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8
Q

How many people globally are undernourished? Where are they located?

A

1 in 9 people are chronically undernourished

2/3 of those are in Asia

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9
Q

Which continents have enough farmland to provide the food they need?

A

Europe, North America, Australasia

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10
Q

Which Millennium Development Goal links to food?

A

By 2015 they aimed to halve the proportion of people living in hunger. They nearly met it by 2015.

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11
Q

What proportion of global food is wasted?

A

1/3 of all food produced is wasted

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12
Q

What two reasons are the major causes of an increase in levels of obesity?

A

Increase in intake of energy-dense foods, with lots high in salt, fat and sugar
Increase in sedentary lifestyle due to work and lesuire activities changing

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13
Q

What 4 things are trying to be done to reduce levels of obesity in the UK?

A

Reduce the non-saturated fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods
Ensure that healthy and nutritious options are available to all
Restricting marketing of non-nutritional foods
Support regular physical activities in the workspace

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14
Q

How many people are employed in food production?

A

2 billion of the global population, directly or indirectly

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15
Q

What are the inputs of an agricultural system?

A 
Climate
Relief
Soil fertility
Drainage
Labour 
Machinery
Energy
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16
Q

What are the 2 major processes of an agricultural system?

A

Growing crops

Rearing livestock

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17
Q

What are the 3 major outputs of an agricultural system?

A

Crops
Livestock
Livestock products

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18
Q

Give 3 feedbacks in an agricultural system

A

Profit for reinvestment
Manure for fertiliser
Hay and silage for fodder

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19
Q

How does temperature impact agriculture?

A

Temperature dictates the length of the growing season, ie. temperate environments a growing season exceeding 3 months is required

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20
Q

How does precipitation impact agriculture?

A

Matters on a seasonal distribution level. Impacts growth rate of plants. Is the most vital factor.

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21
Q

How does wind impact agriculture?

A

High winds and increased storm frequency reduce cultivation of grain crops.

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22
Q

How does soil impact agriculture?

A

Soil influence crop supply by their supply or deficit of soil moisture and type/availability of nutrients.

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23
Q

What is arable farming?

A

The farming of cereal and root crops, on flatter land where soil quality is better

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24
Q

What is pastoral farming?

A

The farming of livestock, which can be subsistence or commercial based

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25
Q

Give an example of commercial and subsistence pastoral farming

A

Commercial- sustainable beef ranching on South American Pampas
Subsistence- nomadic pastoralism in West Africa

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26
Q

What is mixed farming?

A

The production of both arable crops and livestock on the same farm

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27
Q

What is the most common form of agriculture in the UK?

A

Mixed Farming

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28
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

High investment in labour and capital such as machinery, glasshouses and irrigation. Produces high yields per hectare.

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29
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

Farms and agribusiness specialising in single crops or raising one animal along with investment of high cost equipment

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30
Q

What is extensive farming?

A

The use of low inputs of labour, machinery and capital but involving large areas of land.

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31
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

The direct production of sufficient food to feed the family or community involved. Excess is sold or bartered.

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32
Q

Why do latosols have a constant supply of humus?

A

Humus comes from the rapid nutrient recycling. The year round growing season means that trees can drop their leaves at any time and this creates a constant supply of leaf litter. This decomposes rapidly via bacteria into humus.

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33
Q

What happens to the latosol nutrient content if trees are cleared?

A

The new humus isn’t produce due to lack of leaf litter
Latosol becomes quickly exhausted of stored nutrients
Excessive leaching of nutrients
Eroded soil due to rain and little protection

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34
Q

What are 4 major reasons for deforestation in the rainforest?

A

Land for settlement and infrastructure
Land for ranching, cash-cropping and plantations
Hardwood timbers
Access for mineral exploitation

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35
Q

What are the 3 main categories of soil?

A

Zonal
Intrazonal
Azonal

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36
Q

What are zonal soils?

A

Mature soils reflecting the climatic conditions and associated vegetation

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37
Q

What are intrazonal soils?

A

A soil that reflects the dominance of other factors such as the characteristics of parent rock

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38
Q

What are azonal soils?

A

Soils that are generally immature and skeletal with poorly developed profiles

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39
Q

Why are latosols red?

A

Build up of iron and aluminium oxides

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40
Q

What is the statistic regarding soil depletion?

A

Soil is being lost between 10 and 40 times faster than it is naturally being replenished

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41
Q

What 4 physical factors can increase the rate of erosion?

A

Over grazing
Over cultivating
Reduced fallow periods
Deforestation

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42
Q

When does waterlogging occur?

A

Water table rises to the point of soil saturation and insufficient oxygen in the pore spaced for plant roots to respire adequately

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43
Q

What happens if plants are waterlogged?

A

Anaerobic environment causes root tissue to decompose, which means crops often die

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44
Q

What 6 physical factors cause water logging?

A

Rainfall exceeding the rate soils can absorb water
Gentle relief restricts throughflow
Relief basins encourage accumulation of water
Seepage from rivers infiltrating soil
Soils including impermeable clay
Excessive irrigation

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45
Q

How does an area become salinised?

A

Salts leach out of soil by infiltration and percolation
Waterlogging brings dissolved salts to the surface
Crust of concentrated salt on surface which alters pH

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46
Q

What two factors provide the best long term solution to soil erosion?

A

Afforestation

Reforestation

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47
Q

What 9 measures are typical soil management techniques?

A 
Terracing 
Contour ploughing
Crop rotation and cover crops
Strip cropping
Direct drilling
Selective afforestation
Controlled grazing
Improved drainage 
Careful management of irrigation
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48
Q

What does it mean for someone to be food secure?

A

‘Have availability and adequate access at all time to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle’

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49
Q

What are the 3 things that are looked at when measuring food security?

A

Food availability
Food access
Food utilisation

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50
Q

In 2014-2016 how many people were undernourished?

A

1 in 9

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51
Q

What are 3 ways to ensure food security?

A

Improved agricultural productivity
Economic Growth
Expansion of social protection

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52
Q

What is a way that HIC’s attempted to boost agricultural productivity?

A

EU Common Agricultural Policy which encouraged farmers to increase food production by offering grants, subsidies and guaranteed prices.

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53
Q

Explain one major success story of the ‘Green Revolution’

A

IR8 rice in the Philippines

6 fold increase in crop production

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54
Q

Explain disadvantages of the Green Revolution

A

Economic and social costs associated were only available to richer farmers which lead to increased unemployment and rural depletion
Production of agrochemicals is dangerous

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55
Q

What revolution has occurred after the green revolution?

A

The gene revolution

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56
Q

What has occurred in the gene revolution?

A

Taking genetic DNA from one plant and introducing it into another to make it more resistant to drought or other diseases.

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57
Q

What are the issues that have arisen from genetic modification?

A

Unknown implications on health

Implications on the environment

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58
Q

Where is a major user of genetically modified crops? What are these crops?

A

USA- soy, cotton and maize

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59
Q

Define ‘health’

A

Physical, social and mental well-being with the absence of disease

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60
Q

What does ‘mortality’ refer to?

A

Death

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61
Q

What does ‘morbidity’ refer to?

A

Illness or poor health of population

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62
Q

Define ‘prevalence rate’

A

The total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time divided by the total population

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63
Q

Define ‘incidence rate’

A

The rate or time at which persons become ill. Measured in terms of numbers of new cases

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64
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

The spread of disease within a community

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65
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

The spread of disease across a whole country, countries and continents

66
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

A disease native to a certain place

67
Q

Give 4 factors that affect health and morbidity

A

Poverty
Occupation
Lifestyle
Accessibility to health care services

68
Q

What is the greatest cause of mortality in HIC’s?

A

Lifestyle related illnesses

69
Q

How does wealth impact health in HICs?

A

Healthier foods are significantly more expensive than foods high in carbohydrates and fat.
Those most deprived eat cheaper food hence rise in takeaways etc

70
Q

How does age impact health in HICs?

A

Different age groups perceive health differently

Older people: have plans in place for future, informed of preventative health strategies and have routine health checks

71
Q

How does gender impact health?

A

Women are more likely to make ‘healthy decisions’

Women attend GP more regularly and make better lifestyle choices

72
Q

How does environment impact health?

A

Climate- UK more prone to pneumonia, influenza and the common cold due to cooler climate
Water availability- areas with more aluminium in the water are at more risk of having Alzheimer’s
Urban stress- Urban areas at more risk of depression and schizophrenia

73
Q

How does poor education impact health in Sub- Saharan Africa?

A

Women have limited access to education
Do not understand the correct nutritional balance
Meals contain an imbalance in minerals and vitamins
Impacts health

74
Q

What does the cycle of misery show?

A

Low Productivity leads to low income
Low income leads to inadequate diet
Inadequate diet leads to ill health
Ill health leads to inability to work hard
Inability to work hard leads to low productivity

Low income also leads to little chance of saving
Little chance of saving leads to lack of money for capital investment

75
Q

What does the epidemiological transition show?

A

The way that populations shift from being defined by high infant mortality rates due to infectious diseases and famine to a state in which average life expectancy is much higher and the degenerative, man made diseases are more likely to be the cause of death.

76
Q

What is the fastest growing age group in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

80 year olds

77
Q

What is a blue zone community?

A

An area where people live longest

78
Q

Give 3 examples of blue zone communities

A

Okinawa a small Japanese Island
Nicoya in Costa Rica
Sardinia

79
Q

What is a common feature of blue zone communities?

A

They are all geographically isolated

80
Q

What is the factor that is most attributed to the ‘Glasgow Effect’?

A 
Deindustrialisation
Lead to high rates of unemployment
Lost sense of pride, identity and 'togetherness'
Drugs and alcohol filled gap
Health declined
81
Q

What are 60% Glasgow’s deaths triggered by?

A

Drugs
Alcohol
Suicide
Violence

82
Q

What are the 4 scales of urban environmental health problems?

A

Within the house ( indoor air pollution)
Neighbourhood health hazards (polluted water supplies)
City wide problems(air pollution from traffic)
Extra urban impacts( loss of green spaces)

83
Q

How has Sri Lanka increased life expectancy?

A 
Female Empowerment
Widespread Vaccination
Health education programmes
Investment in public health units
Investment in specialist equipment and doctors
84
Q

What is the next step in Sri Lanka’s health journey?

A

Reducing deaths from non-communicable diseases as they contribute to 70% deaths
Address consequences of ageing population
Develop mental health services
Rebuild health systems in North and East of country

85
Q

What is the motto of Sri Lankan health system?

A

“A healthier nation that contributes to its economic, social, mental and spiritual development’

86
Q

Give 5 environmental hazards

A 
Water, sanitation and hygiene 
Chemical exposure
Radiation
Air quality 
Chemical traces in food
87
Q

What are the main symptoms of Malaria?

A 
Fever
Headaches
Tiredness
Anaemia
Jaundice
88
Q

What are the 4 ways that malaria can be transmitted?

A

Mosquito bite
Blood transfusion
Organ transplant
Use of contaminated needles

89
Q

How many people are at risk of catching Malaria?

A

3.2 billion people- more than 40% of world’s population

90
Q

How many countries is Malaria present in?

A

97

91
Q

What are the 5 investments that have been made to reduce impact of Malaria?

A 
Control the vector
Use of physical barriers to infection
Use of chemical barriers to infection
Investing in swift diagnosis
Drug treatment of disease
92
Q

Define ‘asthma’

A

A chronic disease which is characterised by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing which vary in severity and frequency from person to person

93
Q

How many people have asthma worldwide?

A

300 million people

94
Q

How many deaths worldwide are linked to asthma as a percentage?

A

<1%

95
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

To fully develop our immune system we need exposure to a wide range of pathogens

96
Q

What is a DALY?

A

Disability adjusted life year is a measure of overall disease burden expressed by the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or early death

97
Q

What are the 3 ways that asthma is treated once it has been diagnosed?

A

Avoiding triggers
Taking preventative medicine to stop narrowing of the airways
Prescription drugs to reduce effects of disease

98
Q

What are the roles of NGO’s in terms of Asthma?

A 
Raise profile of disease
Educate medical staff in diagnosis
Educate policy makers to inform investment
Educate sufferers and their families
Promote further research
99
Q

What does eating fast food 3+ times a week lead to an increased risk of?

A

Asthma
Eczema
Rhinitis

100
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live births per thousand per year

101
Q

Give equation for birth rate

A

Total number of live births in a year/ total mid-year population x 100

102
Q

Give equation for death rate

A

The number of deaths per year/ mid year population x 100

103
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of infants under the age of one per thousand life births per year

104
Q

What is the fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a woman is expected to give birth to within her lifetime

105
Q

Define replacement rate

A

The number of children needed per woman in order to maintain a population size

106
Q

What is global replacement rate?

A

2.11

107
Q

What is net reproduction?

A

Measure of the average number of daughters produced by a woman in her lifetime

108
Q

What 3 groups did Thompson categorise countries in to and what does that mean?

A

Group C countries- world’s poorest with high birth, death and infant mortality rates
Group B countries- rapidly growing with falling death rates, wealth via industrialisation
Group A countries- world’s wealthiest with low birth and death rates

109
Q

What are the issues with the ‘Demographic Transition Model’?

A

Eurocentric
Doesn’t allow for migration
Should have 6th stage for countries with noticeable net immigration

110
Q

What occurs in Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?

A

High birth rates
High death rates due to war, famine and disease
No birth control
Life expectancy is short

111
Q

Give an example of a Stage 1 country

A

Inaccessible regions of Amazonia and south-east Asia

112
Q

What occurs in Stage 2 of DTM?

A

Birth rates stay high- economic value, women marry earlier
Death rates fall- economic growth, improvements in sanitation
Lack of birth control

113
Q

Give an example of a Stage 2 country

A

Mali

114
Q

What occurs in Stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Birth rates fall- women marry later, birth control
Female emancipation
Small families desired, child labour replaced by education
Fall in death rate

115
Q

Give example of a Stage 3 country

A

India

116
Q

What occurs in Stage 4 of DTM?

A

Birth and death rates fluctuate at a low level
Related to economic recession and optimism
Occasional periods of population decline

117
Q

Give an example of a Stage 4 country

A

USA

118
Q

What occurs in Stage 5 of DTM?

A

Birth rate falls due to economic reasons
Death rate rises due to ageing population
Diseases of affluence cause deaths

119
Q

Give an example of a Stage 5 country

A

Japan

120
Q

How can you tell a youthful population from a population pyramid?

A

A rising growth due to a flared base

121
Q

What does an ageing population look like on a population pyramid?

A

A top heavy pyramid, with a smaller base.

This also shows female longevity

122
Q

What is the equation for the dependency ratio?

A

Dependent population/Working population x 100

123
Q

Why are dependency ratios relatively low in HIC’s?

A

Due to the prevalence of tertiary education so young adults remain in study, and young children are in full time education which is not the case in LIC’s.
Also, the retirement age is lower due to availability of state pensions

124
Q

What type of policy is used to reduce birth rate?

A

Antenatalist

125
Q

Why was the ‘One Child Policy’ introduced?

A

1970s China saw excessive population growth that lead to the fear of mass starvation by the end of the 20th century

126
Q

What does Chinese culture see as particularly important and what has this lead to?

A

Large families and male offspring

Lead to: selective terminations, female infanticide, infant abandonment and child trading

127
Q

What was the female: male ratio for births in 1982 and 2012 in China?

A

1982- 100:108

2012-100:118

128
Q

What does the term ‘little emperors’ mean?

A

Sociologists term for only children who have received excessive amounts of attention

129
Q

How many people live in extreme poverty in Bangladesh?

A

1/3

130
Q

What was Bangladesh’s primary health care approach?

A

Female primary health care workers making doorstep service

They discussed contraception, side effects and provided basic child and maternal health

131
Q

What have been the primary effects of the primary healthcare approach?

A

Child health has improved
Less deaths during pregnancy/birth
Child mortality fell

132
Q

What have been the secondary effects of the primary healthcare approach?

A

Families have had fewer children to support so have become wealthier
Families accumulated more farmland
Built more valuable homes
Gained access to running water
Children stayed in school longer and women have gained access to higher incomes

133
Q

How has the demographic of Bangladesh changed?

A

Birth rates have fallen from 6 to just over 2
Reached Millennium Development Goal of reducing childhood mortality by 2/3
Reached population just over 200 million

134
Q

What is ‘missing women’?

A

Excess female mortality

135
Q

Define migration

A

Population movement

136
Q

Give 3 examples of temporary migration

A

Diurnal movements to and from the home
Seasonal movements related to agriculture
International migration

137
Q

What is ‘step migration’?

A

Series of shorter movements from place of origin to final destination

138
Q

What is forced migration?

A

Migration that is inflicted upon people due to natural disasters, persecution and wars or as a result of economic deterioration.

139
Q

Give an example of forced migration

A

Rwanda migrants post genocide in 1994, which lead to 2 million refugees to Democratic Republic of Congo and 1/2 million to Tanzania

140
Q

Define ‘asylum seeker’

A

A person who is seeking international protection but whose claim for refugee status has yet to be determined

141
Q

Define ‘refugee’

A

A person who has been granted leave to stay in a foreign country, having been forced to leave the country of his or her nationality ‘owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.’

142
Q

What is permanent migration?

A

Permanent change of residence

143
Q

What does distance decay show?

A

The closer you are to country of origin the more migrants there will be due to less upheaval

144
Q

What is voluntary migration?

A

The current circumstances mean that there is a hope that there is a better standard of living elsewhere and therefore people migrate

145
Q

Give examples of push factors

A

Soil Exhaustion
Natural Disasters
Maritial/Family breakdown
Job opportunities

146
Q

Give examples of pull factors

A

Better job opportunities
Better standard of living
Better education

147
Q

Give 3 positives on the country of origin on migration

A

Overpopulation pressures may be eased
Less demand for services
Remittances supports relatives

148
Q

Give 3 positives on the destination country of migration

A

Labour pool increased and new trade skills introduced
Migrant workers are mobile, pay taxes and spend money-which creates jobs and wealth
Cultural and racial variety promotes diversity

149
Q

Give 3 negatives on the country of origin on migration

A

Skilled labour shortages- ie.doctors
Gender imbalances- more men than women migrate
Ageing population structures- working age migrate increasing dependency ratio

150
Q

Give 3 negatives on the destination country of migration

A

Large influx of migrants can add to housing shortages and welfare systems
Cultural differences can lead to racial tensions
Education and healthcare services can become strained

151
Q

What happened in Easter Island?

A

The human needs and requirements outstripped the supply that the island could provide leading to a reduction in population from several thousand to 700.

152
Q

What are the 2 views on Easter Island?

A

Pessimists-Neo-Malthusians- believe humans outstripped supply
Optimists-Boserup- rats came on the canoes which lead to reduction in the trees, however individuals adapted and overcome by eating rats and the trees

153
Q

How much more waste is produced by people in HIC’s than LIC’s?

A

30 times more in HIC’s

154
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The idea of a population ceiling beyond which an environment cannot support people at a high standard of living for a sustained period of time without environmental degradation

155
Q

What is our ecological footprint?

A

A measure of human demands that we place in ecosystems and is expressed un terms of amount of biologically productive land needed to produce resources we consume and to absorb waste we generate

156
Q

What is the demographic dividend?

A

A falling birth rate results in a smaller population of young, dependent ages and relatively more people within the economically active adult age groups this improves the ratio of productive workers to child dependents which can encourage economic growth

157
Q

What did Thomas Malthus predict?

A

Unless population growth was slowed by preventative checks then the exponential rise in population would outstrip food supply and would lead to disastrous ‘positive checks’ by famine, war and disease.

158
Q

What is the ‘Club of Rome’, and what view do they take?

A

International think tank of industrialists, diplomats and scientists who used computer modelling in the 1960s to predict ‘unavoidable’ limits to growth within a hundred years if population growth and demand for resources continued unchecked
Neo-Malthusian

159
Q

Who was Paul Erlich?

A

Neo-Malthusian
Wrote ‘Population Bomb’
Introduced the idea that famines, civil wars and environmental catastrophes indicate a finite future for the planet

160
Q

What did Ester Boserup argue?

A

Agricultural innovation such as Green Revolution will be able to occur at a fast enough rate to keep up with projected population growth

161
Q

What is the most famous quote from Boserup?

A

” Necessity is the mother of invention”

162
Q

Who was Julian Simon?

A

Anti-Malthusian
Argued that in times of food scarcity the biggest gains could be made from entrepreneurs substituting new resources and innovating

Geography AQA A level (6 decks)

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