Population And The Environment Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of the epidemiological transition model?
- Pestilence and famine
- Receding pandemics
- Degenerative and man made diseases
What are the soil management strategies?
Water- redirecting run off and water logging.
Soil structure- moving livestock
Wind- changing soil composition e.g mulch, and wind breakers.
What are climate effects on health?
Many diseases e.g malaria are vector borne and depend on climate.
Sun exposure can lead to cancers.
Disease follows natural disasters.
What are topography and water effects on health?
Drainage and flooding can lead to water borne diseases e.g cholera
Water quality such as toxicants and dirty drinking water.
What are air quality effects on health?
Ambient- factories, fossil fuels.
Household- fires etc for cooking.
Can lead to lung disease, cancer, respiratory problems.
What are the stages of the demographic transition model?
Stage 1- high, fluctuating birth and death rates.
Stage 2- death rate starts to fall, rapid population increase.
Stage 3- birth rates start to fall.
Stage 4- birth and death rates are at a low, population slows down.
Stage 5- birth rates fall below death rates.
Demographic dividend
What stage is this on the demographic transition model?
Where birth rates and deaths fall, causing dependancy rates to increase.
Stage 3 and 4
Soil problems
Water erosion- causes crops to be leached away, resulting of poor irrigation.
Wind erosion- removes topsoil, removes nutrients, result of over ploughing.
Structural deterioration- heavy machinery/ livestock, makes it harder for water and oxygen to enter soil.
Water logging- over saturation of soil, plants ‘drown’, too much irrigation.
Salinisation- soil salts are brought to surface, poor irrigation and fertilisers, plants become infertile and die.
Desertification- irrigation, overgrazing, over cultivation.
Where and when is malaria most prominent?
Sub-tropic/ tropical regions, especially Africa (92% of cases).
Especially in areas of natural water, and after rainy seasons or flood events.
Why is malaria known as a ‘disease of the poor’
Effected by;
poor investment.
Poor hosing quality.
High population densities.
Unsanitary conditions.
Occupations such as agriculture.
Malaria control/ mitigation methods.
Vector control e.g removing mosquito habitats, extensive fumigation- have environmental impacts.
Bed/ house nets.
Indoor residual sprays,.
Anti-malarial drugs and vaccines.
Global malaria programme.
High burden, high impact approach- driven by 11 counties which carry a high rate of the disease.
Push factors of migration
War/ conflict.
Political issues.
Ethnic or religious prosecution.
Natural disasters.
Poverty/ low wages/ unemployment.
Resource shortages
Pull factors of migration
Better life quality.
Better services e.g healthcare/ education.
Political stability.
Economic implications of migration to origin country.
(Advantages / disadvantages)
Advantages-
Reduced resource pressure.
Less unemployment.
Remittance payments.
Migrants can bring back newly developed skills.
Disadvantages-
Loss of skilled/ educated workers.
Remittance dependancy.
Less agricultural/ industrial production.
Decline in services due to less users.
Economic implications for host country.
(Advantages/ Disadvantages)
Advantages-
Overcome labour/ specific skill shortages.
More competitive workforce.
Migrants spend money/ pay tax.
Reduced dependancy (demographic dividend)
Disadvantages-
Pressure on jobs may lead to unemployment.
Resentment towards migrants during times of recession.
Social implications of migration at origin country.
(Advantages/ Disadvantages)
Advantages-
Reduced healthcare/ education pressure.
Disadvantages-
Loss of culture.
Loss of qualified workers.
Break up of family units/ communities.
Social implication of migration at host country.
(Advantages/ Disadvantages)
Advantages-
Cultural advancements.
Disadvantages-
Healthcare (especially maternal/ infant) and educational pressures.
Possible ethnic and racial tensions.
Possible crime increase.
Environmental implications of migration at origin country.
Areas can be abandoned.
Less environmental management.
Environmental implications of migration at host country.
Pressures on land for development.
Increased pressure on natural resources.
Political implications of migration to origin country.
Pressure to re-develop areas.
Introduction of pro-natal policies/ incentives to retain skilled workers.
Overpopulated countries may encourage emigration.
Political implications of migration at host country
Pressure to control migration.
Rise of anti-immigration parties/ far right wing organisations.
Demographic implications of migration to origin country
Lower birth rates.
Ageing population remain.
Loss of working population.
Demographic implications of migration to host country.
Balances population structure if previously ageing.
Increase in birth rotates.
Increased working population.
Health implications of migration at origin country.
Migrants leave areas of disease but most vulnerable people remain.
LDEs lose medically trained workers to HDEs.
Health implications of migration at host country.
Spread of communicable diseases.
Increased pressure on health services
Japan case study- environmental points
Mainly temperate climate, but incudes sub-tropical due to large North to South span.
Frequent hazards e.g volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons.
Only 20% of the land is suitable for farming, mainly consists of rice crops.
Strong fishing industry.
Japan case study- population key points.
Tradition based culture.
Stage 5 of the DTM.
Fertility rates of 1.4.
Predicted 20% population decline by 2050.
Life expectancy of 85, estimated 40% of population will be over 65 by 2050.
Young dependants make up 12.5% of population.
Japan case study- social key points.
High living standards, healthy lifestyle, clean air, high education, later marriages.
10% of GDP is used to pay pensions.
Fewer workers means fewer people pay taxes.
Pressure on care services.
